Entomological News

AND

PROCEEDINGS

OK THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION

OF THE

Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia.

VOLUME XIX, 1908.

EDITOR :

HENRY SKINNER, M. D.
PHILIP P. CALVERT, Ph.D., Associate Editor.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE :
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JANUARY, 1908.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Vol. XIX.

No. 1.

Halter americana Cockerell.

EDITOR :

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PHILIP P. CALVERT, Ph.D., Associate Editor.

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A BUNCH OF RARE EXOTICS

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" albofasciata, cf 750., ? i.oo

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' philoxenus, <f jo

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ARIZONA INSECTS.

Will collect in most orders or families or season's catch. Also in botany,
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CATALOGUE OF THE

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ENT. NEWS, VOL. XIX.

PI. I.

SCHIZONEURA POPULI N. SP.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

AND

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA.

VOL. XIX.

JANUARY, 1908.

No. i.

CONTENTS:

Gillette The poplar bark aphid (Schi-

zoneura populi n. sp.) I

Cirault Standards of the number of

eggs laid by insects VI 4

Doane Notes on the Tipulid genus

Dicranomyia 5

Merrick The Inflation of Larvae 9

Melander Annihilating the Coddling

Moth ; ii

Williams A new Eriocrania (Lepidop-

tera) from the Pacific Coast 14

Brimlcy Notes <m tin- < >rtliopti.-r:i oi

Raleigh, North Carolina i'>

Smith Notes on the larval habit- "f
Culcx pcrturbans --

Wellman Notes <m some Angolan in-
sects of Economic or I'.uhol.
Importance 26

Editorial

Entomological Literature

Notes and News

Doings of Societies 46

The Poplar Bark Aphid (Schizoneura populi n. sp. I

C. P. GILLETTE.

(Plate I)

I have noticed a pale yellow schizoneuran infecting the
crevices in the bark of trunks and limbs of the native narr>w-
leaved cottonwood, the broad-leaved poplar, the Carolina pop-
lar, and the balm of Gilead, for several years upon the \\V-tern
Slope, in Colorado. I have noted the lou-e as -pecially
numerous at Grand Junction, Delta, I'aoiiia and Montro-e.

The white cottony secretion often tilU nearly all of the
crevices in the bark and it remains throughout the year, hid
the lice and their eggs.

On June u;th. of last year, Mr. K. I'. Taylor told me
finding one of the winged lice, and two days later I a
a good number lodged upon Mr. Taylor's porch screen, tl
being some badly infested balm of Gilead tree- in front
the house. At this time e.i^s and young >
Mr. Taylor noted the appearance of winged lice
two weeks, when they disappeared f'-r the remainder of the
summer. As fast as winded lice appeared they lel't the tiv
but I have not been able to get any clue as to where the;

2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., '08

I attempted to get them to locate upon cottonwood twigs by
inclosing them with twigs in a breeding cage, but without suc-
cess.

While it seems probable that the winged migrants establish
new colonies somewhere, perhaps upon some different food
plant, it is also certain, as in the case of Chcrmcs coloradcnsis,
that some of the apterous females live over winter upon the
trees, for bark which I removed January 29th, at Grand Junc-
tion, was found to have living lice and some eggs. These eggs
I was able to hatch in the laboratory, and the young established
themselves upon cottonwood twigs that were furnished them
and did well. When very numerous, the lice often cause rough,
knot-like growths of trunk or branches, much as in the case of
Scliizoncnra lauigcra of the apple.

The Eggs. The eggs are very pale straw yellow, much
lighter than any of the Chermes eggs I have seen, and are .023
mm. in length by .014 mm. in width. The eggs are not attached
but simply entangled by the cottony secretion.

Young. The newly hatched young are like the eggs in gen-
eral color, with legs, antennae and distal end of the long beak
dusky, and the eyes bright red.

Adult Apterous Female. The adult apterous females are
also very light yellow in color, the older individuals being the
darker. Large females measure approximately .8 mm. long by
.6 mm. broad. The size and arrangement of the wax glands or
plates are best indicated in the drawing, Plate I, Figs. D and E.
The only plates showing on the ventral surface are the mar-
ginal ones, while dorsally all the longitudinal rows extend
continuously to the eighth abdominal segment. At least they
can be so traced in some individuals. The beak is peculiar, in
that it may be extended so as to attain, or even surpass, the
tip of the abdomen, when it appears to be four-jointed. The
rather long basal piece seems to serve as a tube into which
the next joint, the real first joint, composed of seven or eight
serial pieces, as shown in the figure, may be telescoped. The
two distal joints are both quite short. From specimens taken
Jnnr i')th, and December I2th, 1906, at Grand Junction.

Winged Female. Length of fore-wing, 3.50 to 3.75 mm. ;

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 3

I

hind-wing, 2.35 to 2.75 mm. Length of body, \y 2 to 2 mm.
Antennae, 6-jointed, length, .8 mm. Joints i and 2, short and
stout, the 2nd a little longer than broad ; 3rd, longest, equaling
4th and 5th together ; 5th, a trifle longer than 4th ; and 6th,
distinctly longer than 5th. The proportions of the 4 distal
joints are about as follows: 21, 9, n, 15. Total length of
antenna a little less than one-half length of body. Compound
eyes, ocelli, abdomen, tips of tarsi and antennae, and more or
less of the thorax above, dusky to black, otherwise pale yellow.
The anterior wing has a very distinct, though narrow, black
line extending from the base along the subcostal nerve, but a
little beneath it and terminating on the costal margin p<f
beyond the stigma. A similar black line starts on the anal
margin of the hind-wing close to the body and extends forward
and outward to meet the costal nerve and then turns at an
acute angle back to the costal margin close to the body. Body
and wings are powdered with a white secretion and from
thorax and abdomen a white waxy secretion forms in long,
slender threads, nearly 'or quite hiding the body. . \ntennal
spur of 6th joint not over 1-5 length of joint and with a large
sensorium at its base, also large oval sensoria near distal ends
of joints 4 and 5, and along the underside of joint 3, where
there are about 6.

Described from specimens taken at Grand Junction, Colo-
rado, June i6th, 1907.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I.

Plate I, Schlzoncura popnli. A, antenna of alate female loo : I'..
winged female X 7O ; C, antenna of apterous female ;' 280; I) and E.
ventral and dorsal views of adult apterous female, slum-ing arrant
ment of wax plates or glands ", ( 70.

Miriam A. Palmer, artist.

EDITOR ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS: If Mr. W. I-'.. Li>ngley \vill 1">1.
the collection which I sold Field Columlnan Museum. I think he will
find a specimen of Scsia titan with lahel showing that it was taken at
North Evauston, 111., a little farther north than Oak Park
two examples of that species were taken there, hut 1>"th worn.
ing that they had prohahly traveled fmm a warmer climate.
J. SNYDER, Springfield, Idaho.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

[Jan., '08

Standards of the Number of Eggs Laid by Insects VL*

Being averages obtained by actual count of the combined
eggs from twenty (20) depositions or masses.

BY A. ARSENE GIRAULT.

7. CULEX RESTUANS THEOBALD.

No.

Date, 1907

No. counted
per mass

Successive
totals

Av. per
egg mass

^

Max. Min.

Range

I

July 12

244

244

244.

39'

2

tfOKU

298

542

271.

3

157

699

233-

157

4

278

977

288.5

5

July 20

391

I 3 68

273.6

391

6

371

1739

289.8

7

265

2004

286.2

8

261

2265

283.1

9

July 29

283

2548

283.1

10

240

2788

278.8

IT

231

3019

2/4-4

12

256

3275

272.9

13

269

3544

272.6

14

July 30

25S

3802

271-5

15

229

4031

268.7

16

242

4273

267.

J?

279

4552

265.8

18

July 31

258

4810

267.2

19

245

5055

266.

20

287

5342

267.1

159

20

5342

267.1

391 157

234

Finals

The egg-masses were obtained at New Richmond, Ohio,
during July, 1907, by exposing a large tub of water out of
doors. Within a week afterwards, the water in the tub was
literally alive with the young of restuans, and numerous egg-
masses were found each morning floating on its surface. The
great majority of the adults reared w r ere captured and care-
fully examined, but during the month no other species made
its appearance.

I am indebted to Mr. Frederick Knab, U. S. National
Museum, for determination of the species.

* For the first five of these series, see Ent. News, 1901, p. 305 ; 1904, p. 2-3 ; 1905, p. 167;
1906, p. 6 and 1907, p. 89.

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 5

Notes on the Tipultd Genus Dicranomyia.

R. W. DOANE, Stanford University.
TABLE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIES.*

(Based on Osten Sacken's table in Mon. N. A. Dip. Ft. 4.)

1. Wings remarkably narrow, lanceolate longipennis Schum.

Wings of the usual shape 2.

2. Tip of the auxiliary vein nearly opposite, or before, or only a short

distance beyond the origin of the praefurca 3.

Tip of the auxiliary vein a considerable distance beyond the origin
of the praefurca 31.

3. ^The whole antennae, or at least their basal joints pale 4.

The whole antennae black or brown 13.

4. Discal cell open 5.

Discal cell closed . 7.

5. Thorax with a single brown stripe in the middle . . immodesta O. S.
Thorax with three brown stripes 6.

6. Tip of the auxiliary vein nearly opposite or only a little before the

origin of the praefurca gladiator O. S.

Tip of the auxiliary vein a considerable distance before the origin of
the praefurca cinerea Doane.

7. Flagellum of the antennae not infuscated pudica O. S.

Flagellum of the antennae more or less infuscated 8.

8. Knob of the halteres infuscated 9.

Knob of the halteres not infuscated n.

9. Subcostal cross-vein close to the tip of the auxiliary vein.

citrina Doane.

Subcostal cross-vein some distance from the tip of the auxiliary cross-
vein . . . . 10.

10. Halteres pale, knobs infuscated ; abdomen brownish yellow.

isabellina Doane.
Halteres and abdomen infuscated diversa O. S.

11. Brownish markings along some of the veins and in some of the cells.

mar mo rat a O. S.
Wings hyaline 12.

12. Body yellowish fulva Doane.

Body greenish . . . '. viridicans n. sp.

13. Discal cell (in normal specimens) open ; tip of the auxiliary vein con-

siderably anterior to the origin of the praefurca ; the praefurca
is about equal in length to the distance between the origin of
the third vein and the small cross vein, or even shorter . . 14.
Discal cell closed ; tip of the auxiliary vein nearly opposite the origin
of the praefurca (or, when anterior or posterior, the distance is
small) ; praefurca distinctly longer than the distance between
the origin of the third vein and the small cross vein . . . 18.

* I have not seen D. choi <\i Meiy.. and i .mnot in mi tin- drsi i i|iti. .11 |.l:u-r it m /'. ;v.\/,i
Berg, in the table. The latter is closely related to />. sinnilatt.-. Walk and I), du;
Doane.

6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., '08

|

14. Rostrum and proboscis nearly as long as the head . rostrifera O. S.
Rostrum and proboscis much shorter than the head 15.

15. Thorax brown floridana O. S.

Thorax ochraceous 16.

16. Thorax with a single broad brown stripe ochracea Doane.

Thorax with three brown stripes 17.

17. Stigma pale brevivena O. S.

Stigma fuscous vnlgata Bery.

18. Thorax shining black, pleura with a silvery reflection.

morioides O. S.
Thorax brownish or grayish 19.

19. Femora with a narrow pale band at the tip 20.

Femora without such a band 21.

20. Posterior margins of the segments of the abdomen lighter.

badia Walk.
Posterior margins of the segments of the abdomen not lighter.

adjecta n. sp.

21. The distance between the tip of the auxiliary vein and the subcostal

cross-vein is nearly or quite as long as the stigma 22.

The distance between the tip of the auxiliary vein and the subcostal
cross-vein is shorter than one-half the length of the stigma . 27.

22. Halteres unusually long 23.

Halteres of usual length 24.

23. Thorax brown, stripes confluent halterata O. S.

Thorax yellowish, three brown stripes particeps n. sp.

24. Thorax yellowish 25.

Thorax brownish 26.

25. First segment of palpi yellow helva Doane.

Palpi wholly brown gracilis Doane.

26. Thorax with a narrow median lighter line brunnea Doane.

Thorax with yellowish or brown stripes distanas O. S.

27. The cross-vein separating the discal cell from the first basal cell is

arcuated in such a manner that the inner end of the discal cell
is but little more distant from the base of the wing than the

inner end of the submarginal cell sulta O. S.

This cross-vein not so arcuated 28.

28. Thorax gray with a brown stripe in the middle .... liberata O. S.
Thorax brown or yellowish 29.

29. Thorax brownish with a brown stripe in the middle . haeretica O. S.
Thorax brownish 30.

30. Stigma distinct stigmata Doane.

Stigma indistinct monilifonnis Doane.

31. Wings immaculate 32.

Wings spotted with brown 34.

32. No vestige of a stigma globothorax O. S.

Stigma distinct 33.

Jan., '08]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

33. Stigma brownish ; wings with a slight pubesence in the apical portion.

pubipennis O. S.
Stigma pale ; wings without pubesence cervina n. sp.

34. Wings brownish, three or four brown spots along the anterior mar-

gin rara O. S.

Wings with brown dots in all the cells

35. Markings on the wings intense ; lobes of the hypopygium rather

elongated and deeply incised on the inner margin.

simulans Walk.

Markings on the wings less intense ; lobes of the hypopygium not in-
cised duplicata Doane.

Dicranomyia Viridicans n. sp. Greenish ; head somewhat darker
above ; palpi and antennae light brown ; first two segments of the latter
much paler ; thorax and abdomen wholly brownish green ; the large

lobes of the hypopygium bright-
er green, their inner margins
furnished with a strongly chitin-
ized reddish three-pronged ap-
pendage ; halters whitish ; legs
greenish, femora somewhat lighter towards the base ; wings whitish hya-
line ; stigma pale ; subcostal cross-vein near the tip of the auxiliaiy vein,
which is opposite the origin of the praefurca ; veins greenish ; discal cell
closed, three times as long as wide ; great cross-vein some distance be-
fore the inner end of the discal cell. Length smm., wing 9 mm.

Hab. Stanford University, Cal. One male.

Dicranomyia particeps n. sp. Brownish yellow ; head yellowish,
brownish above ; rostrum yellow ; palpi brown, first segment yellow ; an-
tennae brown ; thorax yellow with three brown stripes above ; scutellum
and metanotum grayish ; halteres long, brownish, yellowish at the base ;
legs brownish, feet darker ; abdo-
men brownish, yellowish below ;
posterior margin of each segment
lighter ; the tergum of the hypopy-
gium somewhat tumid, with a very narrow median black line, pleura very
much smaller than the tumid lobes ; upper valves of ovipositor slender,
arcuated, lower valves stronger, almost straight ; wings long and narrow,
hyaline ; auxiliary vein ending a short distance before the origin of the
praefurca ; the distance of the subcostal cross-vein from the tip of the
auxiliary vein about equal to the length of the praefurca ; stigrna faint
brownish ; discal cell closed ; great cross : vein at its inner end. Length
6 mm., wing 7 mm.

Hab.-- Key port, Wash. Nine males, six females.

This species shares with haltcrata and adjccta the extra lm-

8

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

[Jan., '08

halteres. From this latter it may be distinguished by the posi-
tion of the subcostal cross-vein and from the former by the
body being more yellow, wings narrower and in having three
brown stripes on the thorax. In halterata the pleura of the
hypopygium are quite as large as the lobes that are appended
to them, while in particcps they are much smaller than the lobes.

Dicranomyia adjecta n. sp. Yellowish brown; head, rostrum, palpi and
antennae darker brown; first three joints of the flagellum rather globu-
lar, others more cylindrical, all distinctly pedicellate ; thorax yellowish

brown; dorsal stripes faintly or not
at all indicated; pleura yellowish,
with a broad, brown band from the
oollare to the base of the halteres;
halteres long, infuscated ; coxae
yellowish; legs tawny; extreme tip of the femora lighter; tarsi darker;
abdomen brown, lighter below; basal lobes of hypopygium dark brown,
lamella lighter brown; ovipositor ferruginous, blackish at the base; lower
valves straight, rather heavy; upper valves more slender, slightly arcu-
ated; wings hyaline; veins and stigma brown; auxiliary vein reaching a
little beyond the origin of the praefurca, subcostal cross-vein at its tip;
first longitudinal vein fading out a little beyond the marginal cross-vein
before reaching the margin of the wing: discal cell closed. Length 7
mm., wing 9 mm.

Hab. Stanford University, Cal. Two males, two females.
May at once be distinguished from halterata, which it re-
sembles somewhat, by the position of the subcostal cross-vein.

Dicranomsia cervina, n. sp. Brown; head brownish, darker above; ros-
trum yellow; palpi and antennae brown; thorax brownish, the dorsum
with three darker browli stripes, the median one extending over the col-
lare; scutullem and metanotum
grayish brown; legs tawny, tarsi
and the tips of the femora and
tibise darker ; halteres whitish,
infuscated toward the tips, knobs
brown; abdomen brown, much lighter below; hypopygium yellowish
brown; tergum but little swollen, pleura about as large as lobes, basal
half yellowish, distal half brownish; ventral style strongly recurved at
the tip; wings with a very light brown tinge; stigma pale, indistinct; tip
of the auxiliary vein beyond the origin of the praefurca; distance of the
subcostal cross-vein from the tip of the auxiliary vein equal to one-half
the length of the praefurca; discal cell closed. Length 7 mm., wing
8 mm.

Hab. Stanford University, Cal. One male.

Jan., *08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 9

I have the following species from localities not recorded in
Aldrich's catalogue.
D. longipennis Schum. N. H.; Wash. Not recorded from the Pacific

coast heretofore.

D. citrina Doane. Stanford Univ., Cal.
D. immodesta O. S. Rigaud, Canada.
D. padica O. S. Rigaud, Canada.
D. liberata O. S. Pa.; Mass.

D. halterata O. S. Stanford Univ., Cal.; Keyport, Wash.
D. vulgata Berg. Wash.
D. stigmata Doane. Stanford Univ. and San Mateo, Cal.; Keyport,

Wash.
D. marmorata O. S. Stanford Univ. and Pacific Grove, Cal.; Keyport,

Wash.
D. dnplicata Doane. Cold Springs, Col.; Pullman, Wash.

The Inflation of Larvae,
BY FRANK A. MERRICK.

The growing interest in the breeding of I^epidoptera from
the egg, working out life histories, or from the larvae to se-
cure perfect and authentic imagoes for the collection, empha-
sizes the importance of preserving the larvae for future com-
parison.

The advantages of inflated larvse over those that are pre-
served in liquids are manifold, possibly the chief of which is
the ability to pin each species in the cabinet with its imago,
thus greatly enhancing the value of the collection.

In taking up the inflation of larvse at the Merrick Museum
a few weeks ago, we found that, so far as we could ascertain,
the apparatus in use for that purpose, failed to meet the im-
portant, I might say vital, factors required of such apparatus,
which we assume to be First, that the arrangement for infla-
tion of the skin shall be susceptable of the most delicate ad-
justment ; that it shall be instantly changeable to a greater or
less pressure ; that the pressure shall be constant as to force,
and automatic. Second, that the temperature of the oven
shall be equally controllable by the operator, and that it shall
be impossible to produce a heat that shall scorch the most del-
icate skin, producing discoloration, or singe the hair of the

10

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

[Jan., '08

hairy forms. Third, economy of time. Fourth, economy in
cost of making the apparatus. We at once proceeded to ex-
periment with a view of devising a tank and oven that should
meet these four requirement, and from old tin cans produced
an oven and tank that, after Mr. Henry Engel has inflated
hundreds of larvae, from the monstrous Samais (which we

a, bottom section of tank 12 x iS in., half filled with water as shown ; ', tube leading-
air to blowpipe; a", stopcock to shut air from blowpipe; a'", sockets to hold guide rod ;
b, top section of tank n x 18 in. ; b' b', screw-eyes soldered to top of b to slide on guide
rod b'" ; b" b", weights to regulate air pressure bv adding or removing; d'", guide rod,
% in. round iron, to keep upper tank perpendicular in center of lower tank ; c, outer shell
of oven 6 x 6 x 8 in. high ; c\ glass gauge tube, to show amount of water in boiler; c",
blowpipe in position for drying larvae ; c'", inner shell of oven 4% x 4^ x 7 in. ; d, spring;
clip to hold blowpipe ; d', tube % in., to fill boiler and allow escape of steam or vapor ;
d" d", wire support to which clip is soldered ; d'", rubber tube % in. from tank to blow-
pipe ; e, wire frame to support oyen ; f, alcohol lamp or gas jet to boil water ; .-, block
to support oven ; //, ring in blowpipe to clamp larvae ; i z', glass cover (made in two pieces)
to , ,/ver oven, allowing operator to see larvae and retain the heat.

call the " Ox Roast ") to the tiniest Micro, has met all the re-
quirements mentioned, not the least being economy of time.
All the time required is for cleaning the larva and placing it
on the blow pipe ; you can then turn your attention to other

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. II

matters, and no harm will result if left in the oven an hour or
two a day.

We shall be pleased to furnish (free of cost) a sketch of our
tank and oven in detail to those interested in the preservation
of larvae, upon application, hoping thus to stimulate a more
general interest in this very important branch of the study of
lepidoptera.

We shall be pleased to exchange inflated or live larvae with
those interested during the coming season.

Please address Merrick Museum, New Brighton, Pa.

Annihilating the Codling Moth.*

PROF. A. L. MELANDER, Pullman, Wash.

To trace step by step the advances made in the fight against
the codling moth is an instructive lesson of the importance of
applied entomology. Here is a pest that for ages has rendered
almost worthless a large percentage of the apples the farmer
produced. The money loss to the community annually mounted
to the millions of dollars, and before the clays of economic en-
tomology there was no method of checking this enormous
drain. Early study by the entomologist showed the tree-de-
scending habits of the mature worm, and gave the hint of trap
bands to be placed around the trunk. These bands trapped
somewhat less than one-half of the worms, but did not protect
one-half of the fruit crop.

The discovery of Paris green and the invention of the spray
pump added more to the crop, but the strength of the spray,
the number of sprayings necessary, and the dates of their
application had all to be determined by laborious experiment.
In the early days of Paris green, scarcely forty years ago, it
was considered an achievement to save sixty per cent, of the
crop, even if a dozen sprayings were given.

Further study of the moth's life history indicated that ti.iee
or four sprayings properly timed were all that were needed.
Experimental applications of various insecticides showed that
arsenate of lead was superior to Paris green. The advent of

* Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of the State College of Washington.

12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., '08

high pressure power sprayers enabled the use of weaker sprays
than had heretofore been thought desirable. By these various
steps the savings mounted ; eighty per cent, became ninety per
cent., and then ninety-five per cent., until two or three years
ago even ninety-eight per cent, could be counted on.

This past season in concluding a series of investigations on
this pest that have been in progress for a number of years,
the State Experiment Station of Washington eclipsed the
record. Modern power sprayers, working at two hundred
pounds pressure, forced a dilute spray into every flower cup.
As fast as the worms entered the cups they were poisoned. The
annihilation of the first brood of larvae was almost complete.
In a seventeen-acre orchard that had 400,000 wormy apples
in 1906, but 176 worms were taken from the band-straps this
year, indicating that but four hundred worms escaped the first
spraying. Even under the best conditions of reproduction the
second brood in this orchard could not have exceeded eight
thousand worms or eighty boxes of apples. But, as two other
sprayings were given to poison the second brood the calculated
eighty boxes were reduced to six, one-tenth of one per cent, of
the crop.

To give the two sprayings for the second brood cost $100,
which was more than the increased saving amounted to. In
other words, a single complete spraying is now considered all
that need be necessary to suppress the codling moth, no matter
how wormy the orchard previously was. This sentence must
be read carefully, it means much more than simply spraying.
It means thorough spraying, at a certain date and in a way
that the fruit grower ten years ago did not dream of. The
spraying must be given within a few days after blossoming
time. A coarse spray is forcibly shot from Bordeaux nozzles
only, drenching the tree through and through. Arsenate of
lead alone is used one pound to fifty gallons, or in some of
our tests even as weak as one pound to eighty gallons. The
idea now is that the poison is better distributed when carried
by much water thrown with great force than when used as the
misty concentrated spray prevalent a few years ago. Another
important point has been brought out, on which the success of

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 13

a single spray will largely depend. Previous experimenters
have insisted on the necessity of spraying for the second brood
if wormy orchards are near. We believe, however, that nor-
mally the codling moth breeds generation after generation in
a most restricted area, that it may even be said to have a home-
tree. If, therefore, all the worms in an orchard be extermin-
ated, the chance for outside re-infection under ordinary con-
ditions is small.

In the evolution of this fight against the codling moth, band-
ing was first thought of. Then this was supplemented by
spraying. The spraying became of most importance, and in
time supplanted banding. In the development of spraying
methods, the misty concentrated spray of the hand pump was
replaced by high-pressure spraying, and the number of hap-
hazard sprayings was continually cut down, until to-day we
believe that a single spraying can be made completely effective
if thorough and on time, the maximum saving at the minimum
cost. Through the study of a few decades economic entomol-
ogy has enabled the farmer to save his entire crop instead of
losing all, an unselfish investigation that has added an un-
tellable measure to the world's good.

I WOULD be glad to get material in the Noctuid genus Hoinoptcra
and its allies from all parts of the country for study in the prepara-
tion of a revision of this series. I will name and return specimens
promptly, for the privilege of retaining such as may be needed in
completing the work. JOHN B. SMITH, New Brunswick, X. J.

TELEA POLYPHEMUS. This moth is quite common in California. The
preferred food plant appears to be the Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia),
a non-deciduous tree. For this reason it would be of little advantage
for the pupa to fall. The foliage of the Live Oak is dense and
detection of the cocoon is difficult. T have never known any other
than attached cocoons from this locality. I have found several which
were attached by a short silken pedicle similar to that of promctlica,
In one instance this stalk was about an inch and three quarters in
length. A similar case of such a specialization is described by Grote
in the Proceedings American Philosophical Society. Vol. XTI, 401, 1902.
Besides Quercus, the larva feeds on Rosa, Primus and others. Polyphe-
mus is badly parasitized here by ichneumonid, tachinid, and braconid
flies. KARL R. COOLIDGE.

14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., '08

A new Eriocrania (Lepidoptera) from the Pacific Coast.
BY FRANCIS X. WILLIAMS, San Francisco, Cal.

(Plate III

In early March, 1905, I had the good fortune to capture
several examples of an Eriocrania (Eriocephala) , which Mr.
Busck, of the U. S. National Museum, pronounces to be a
new species. The specimens, ten in all, were caught at the base
of Mt. Tamalpais, in Marin County, in a small grove of oaks
(Qucrcns agrifolia}. They were in good condition and cap-
tured rather early in the morning, being disturbed from the
trunks of trees. Their flight is rather weak, but hard to follow
on account of the small size of the insect. When taken they
sometimes feign death, as is often the case in Hepialns, folding
their wings like a caddis-fly.

Five of the specimens were dissected for anatomical study
and another was accidently destroyed, leaving four specimens
in TOod condition.

Eriocrania cyanosparsella n. sp.

Head covered with coarse, light gray hair; antennae dark golden,
more than half the length of the primaries. Primaries metallic golden
with purplish patches showing rusty golden in some lights, and forming
three rather irregular oblique bands across the wing, the outer ex-
tending across the base of the outer third of the wing and having
a short, interior parallel band at the outer angle, the middle band
diffusing costally, and being the plainest of the three; the inner
band in the basal third most evident at the costa, its lower half broken
and represented by one patch on the inner margin. Purple patches
scattered about the apex, along the outer margin, and basally on the
costa. All purple showing cyanous blue scales in certain lights.
Secondaries golden, becoming translucent towards the base, outer half
purplish, especially apically. A strong rusty, golden tinge is probably
faded purple. Blue scales sometimes reflected. Fringes pale metallic
gray, golden at their outer half on the primaries. Body more than
half as long as primaries, covered with long, light gray hair. Legs
elongate and spurred. Expanse 11.60 mm.

Type I $ ; Cotypes 35 $ , in the collection of the author.

There is some variation in the intensity and arrangement of
the bands on the primaries, these being heavier in some and
more numerous or less in others, but they agree with the type
in fundamental pattern. The expanse varies from 10 to 14
mm.

The mouth-parts and wing venation illustrated on the plate,
show well the primitive character of the Micro ptcrygidcc.

ENT. NEWS, VOL. XIX.

PI. II.

ERIOCRAIMIA CYANOSPARSELLA N. SP.

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 15

The somewhat spatulate labrum is well chitinized for its
basal half, especially laterally, and bears a number of slender
scales removed in the figure, which shows the cavities into
which these scales fitted. The distal portion of the organ
strongly suggests an epipharynx, which, however, arises from
the underside of the labrum, and is fused with the latter for
some distance.

The weak and functionless mandibles are partly concealed
by the labrum.

The maxillae have the elongate curved lacinia well developed
and are probably not altogether functionless, and represent the
primitive proboscis. The galea is furnished with a heavily
chitinized dorsal ridge. The stipes and cardo are represented
by the unjointed basal portion of the maxilla.

The elongate, six-jointed maxillary palpus has an unnatural
curve in the figure and should be recurved from its middle un-
der the head.

The labium has the mentum subquadrate, and the submentum
bifurcate, and bears long, slender scales. The palpus termi-
nates in a curious structure almost apically situated. This is
represented in Fig. 6 and consists of a rather oval pit from
which arise a number of clavate hairs, probably having an
olfactory function.

The venation is shown in Fig. 7, where it will be noticed
that the jugum is quite large, and that in the fore-wing the
radius is six-branched. A curious flap-like organ, possibly
a secondary sexual character, is situated on each side of the
sternum of segment 4 of the abdomen.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Fig. I. Labrum, </ mandible.

Fig. 2. Maxilla, a lacinia. b galca, c max. palpus, </ stipes. < cardo.

Fig. 3. Maxilla, a lacinia, c max. palpus.

Fig. 4. Labium and palpi.

Fig. 5. Labrum, from below, showing epipharynx a, b labrum.

Fig. 6. Pit with clavate hairs, 3d scg. lab. palpus.

Fig. 7. Wing venation.

Fig. 8. Fourth segment of abdomen showing flap -like oryan.

Fig. 9. Terminal segment and genitalia, a valve, b harpe. </ penis,

c penis sheath.

Fig. 10. Ventral view of valves (a Fig. 9).

l6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan. , '08

Notes on the Orthoptera of Raleigh, North Carolina.

BY C. S. BRIMLEY.

The following notes on our Orthoptera relate chiefly to the
seasonal distribution of the different species and the various
situations in which they are found.

Family FORFICULID^E

Anisolabis a-stcca so far only found under stones in Novem-
ber. Labi a minor attracted to lights in summer, and once
found under rubbish in winter. Spongoplwra brunneipennis
under bark of dead oaks in both summer and winter, nymphs
also taken at the latter season.

Family BLATTIDJE

Ischnoptera major is found in both the adult and nymphal
stages under the loose bark of dead pines, both prostrate and
upright, and also under the bark of stumps. It seems to prefer
the space under the bark to be rather damp.

Ischnoptera couloniana is found in both stages under loose
bark of upright dead pines, and only when the space under
the bark is dry.

Our other native roaches, viz. : Isdinoptera nJilcriana, I. jolin-
soni, Tannoptcry.r deropeltiformis, Kakcrlac schaefferi, and
Ceratinoptcra Intca are all found under the thick covering of
pine straw lying on the ground in pine woods.

The seasonal range of our native roaches appears to be much
the same with all our species, viz. : from May to August, al-
though the last four named have so far been only observed up
to late June or early July.

Family PHASMID^

Our three specimens of Diaplicrouicra fcinorata were taken
in September and October.

Family MANTID^E

Mantis Carolina flies at dusk from the end of August to the
middle of October. The egg masses are attached to twigs or
not unfrequently to the trunk of a dead tree under the loose
bark.

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. IJ

Family ACRIDIID^
Subfamily TETTIGINAE

Tctti.v arcnosits, Paratctti.r ciicullatns, and Tcttigidea later-
alls overwinter in the adult form and Ncotctti.v bolirari in the
nymphal stages. Tcttigidea latcralis occurs throughout the
whole year, but I have not yet got sufficient data as to the
others. In late fall and early spring all the forms occur in
drier situations than during the hotter portions of the year.

Subfamily TRYXALINAE

Amblytropidia occidcntalis overwinters in the adult form,
having been taken in or close to woods from October to May.

Eritctti.v uaricitla overwinters in the nymphal stages, the
nymphs being rather common in late fall, while the adults have
only been taken in April and May in broom straw near water.

Our other species all apparently overwinter in the egg 1 state
and their seasonal range is about the same, viz. : from July
to November. Of our four species Orphulella pclidna is very
common in grassy places in and near pine woods, Dichromor-
pha I'iridis and Syrbula odniirabilis are liable to occur in long
grass almost anywhere except in the marshes, and Try.valis
brcricornis is strictly confined to grassy marshes.

Subfamily OEDIPODINAE

Arpliia snlphnrca and Chortopliaga viridifasciata over-
winter as nymphs, and all the others in the egg stage.

The two Arphias, Spharagenwn bolli, and Chortophaga viri-
difasciata occur in grassy places in or near woods, the latter
form ranging more or less commonly throughout the whole
season from April to November. Arplua snlpliurca has been
taken from April to August and A. .rantJioptcra from Septem-
ber to December, while S. bolli ranges from August to Novem-
ber.

Our two Hippisci occur in grassy fields, phenicopterus oc-
curring from late May to the end of July, and ntgosns, which
seems to prefer longer grass than its congener from early
August to late November.

Dissostcira Carolina and Trimerotropis citrina frequent dusty

IS ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., '08

roads and bare fields from June (Dissosteira) or July (Trim-
crotropis) to early December. The latter species seems to
be seldom found away from roads except in the latter part of
its seasonal range, and is furthermore the only Acridiid which
I have noted as being attracted to lights.

Subfamily ACRIDIINAE

Lcptysina inarglnicolHs apparently overwinters as adult, and
is confined to marshes except in late fall when I have col-
lected it on dry ground among broom straw (Andropogon).
Apparently ranges through nearly the whole year.

Of the three Schistocercse found here, alittacca occurs
chiefly on the uplands from early August to early October,
not overwintering in the adult stage like the other two species,
while damnified has been taken from mid-September to late
April, its habits in winter being similar to those of aincricana.

S. aincricana, our third species, occurs throughout the entire
year, the nymphs which are dimorphic in color, some being
brown and others green, transform to the adults from the end
of August to the middle of October. The adults leave the
fields and take to the woods during the winter and are liable to
be on the wing on any comparatively warm day. In spring
they leave the woods and take to the fields again, being found
in May and June on crimson clover and grain ; about this
time the sexes are found in coitu. In July and August their
numbers rapidly diminish, but old adults were brought me in
September, 1907, at the same time as newly transformed speci-
mens.

Of our Melanopli, atlanis occurs in grassy fields from June
to December, an occasional specimen lingering on till January ;
while fctmir-rnbriini only occurs from September to late Nov-
ember though very abundant in grassy fields at that season.
The other two common species, kcclcri and satddcri, occur in
or near pine woods mostly, their range being from mid-August
to early December, though I took specimens of the latter on
January 21 and 22, 1906. Our only other form pitnctulatns,
occurs in pine woods, but we have only taken four specimens
(on October 9 and 19, and November 5, 1907).

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 1 9

Paro.vya floridiana, our only other Acridiine, occurs in
grassy and weedy marshes from mid-August to mid or late
November.

Family LOCUSTIDJE

Subfamily PHANEROPTERINAE

The two common Scudderias, fnrcata and furcifcra, occur
in woods, marshes, and to some extent in weedy fields from
late August to early November, while cnrvicanda has only been
taken in August and September.

Symmetro pleura modcsta has only been taken from mid-
July to early August and the species may be arboreal, as it
has been taken both at light and on sugar, but not in ordinary
collecting.

Microccntnun lanrifolium has been taken from late July till
late September mostly on bushes and low trees. The nymphs
have been taken on grape, buckeye, maple, genarium (culti-
vated).

Amblycorypha nhlcri is found from early August to mid
October among grass or tall weeds, usually in woods or par-
tially shaded places.

Subfamily PSEUDOPHYLLINAE

The true katydid, CyrtophyUus pcrspiciUatns, our only mem-
ber of this group, has been noted singing in the tops of trees,
mostly oaks, from late June till late September. The few
specimens that have been taken have been mostly on my back
porch, where they seem to occasionally seek shelter.

Subfamily CONOCEPHALINAE

The species of Conoccphalus have been taken mostly in long
grass, but occasionally at lights in the house. Their seasonal
occurrence is mostly in summer and fall, triops having been
taken commonly from mid-August to early October, palustris.
in marshes only, from early August till late October; inc.ri-
camts in both marshes and uplands, in October and May; fits-
costriatus also in both marshes and uplands in late April, late
August, and November ; while our single specimen of crcpi-
tans was taken in my garden at dusk in August. Our only

2O ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Ja^-, '08

other determined species, bruneri, has been taken in late July
and early August, and at least one of the specimens was taken
in the house at night. It would seem from the above dates
that fuscostriatus and mexicamis may possibly overwinter to
some extent in the adult state, or possibly as large nymphs, the
latter idea being supported somewhat by the fact that I have
occasionally taken large Conocephali nymphs quite late in the
season. A single unknown Conocephalus was brought me
to-day, December 7, 1907, by my little boy.

Our four Orchelimums all seem to have about the same
seasonal range, mid August to late October, but while nigripcs
is found here exclusively in the marshes, and vulgare on the
uplands, glaberrimum and nitidinn are found about equally in
both situations.

Of the five Xiphidii, fasciatum is found on the uplands in
grassy fields from mid- July till early November, cnsifcntm in
the same situations and in marshes, from mid-August till early
November, saltans in the uplands from late September till
early December, and strictum in long grass in both lowlands
and uplands from mid-August to late September. Our fifth
species, gossypii, has been taken in both marshes and uplands,
but mostly at dusk on the flowering stems of the ornamental
grass, Eulalia japonic a varicgata, in my garden.

Subfamily STENOPELMATINAE

Our only species, Ceuthopilus uhleri, has been taken under
stones in woods from mid-September to late February.

Family GRYLLIDAE
Subfamily GRYLLOTALPINAE

Of our two species, Gryllotalpa borealis has been found
mainly in burrows near water when digging for any purpose
in such situations, my only recorded dates being in April and
May. Ellipcs iniintta has been taken on damp, loamy soil not
far from a stream, in late April and in June.

Subfamily MYRMECOPIIILINAE

Myrmecophila pcrgandei has been taken in ants' nests under
logs or under bark from late October till late March, but not
yet in an ants' nest under a stone.

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 21

My single specimen of Cycloptilus sqnamosns was taken on
the ground near a marsh in August, and two specimens of C.
anicricainis were taken in late October in pine woods, ap-
parently flushed from under the pine straw while I was scrap-
ing it away to look for myriapods. The male had wings and
a longer pronotum, while the female was wingless, and had
the pronotum shorter, but was larger than the male.

Subfamily GRYLLINAE

Of our Nemobii, fasciatus has been taken in open fields
from early July till early December; canus in pine woods from
early September to late November ; maciilatus in mixed woods
in October and November; c.rigitus and (or) carolinus in
damp places both lowland and upland, usually under stones or
rubbish, from early September to early December ; and con-
fusus in damp places not far from water from mid-August to
late November.

Gryllns pennsylvanicus is found in fields and woods from
early April to late September, but overwinters as a nymph.

Subfamily OECANTIIINAE

Oecanthus 4-punctatns is found on low plants from late
June to mid-November, and latipennis in similar situations
from early September to early November.

Subfamily TRIGONIDIINAE

Ana.ripha c.vigua has been taken on low plants in the
marshes in August and September. Pliylloscirtus pulchcllus on
shrubs near water in September, and has been observed on
alder, willow and cotton. Cyrto.ripha dclicatula has been once
caught in the window of my house, so it was probably at-
tracted by the light.

Subfamily ENEOPTERINAE

Orocharis saltator has been taken on bushes in woods in
September and November and once on the ground in woods
in the latter month. Two well-preserved specimens were found
dead under stones in December and February respectively.

Apithes agitator has been taken in woods on bushes, only in
September.

22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., '08

Notes on the Larval Habits of Culex perturbans.

BY JOHN B. SMITH, Sc. D.

(Plates III, IV)

The larva of Culex perturbans has eluded the search of all
that have sought it up to the present time. Goeldi found a
closely allied species in South America, and from the eggs
secured the first stage. Beyond that he could not carry them
and all died without feeding. Dr. Dyar had the same exper-
ience with perturbans, the first stage and egg-boat of which he
secured in captivity and described. Our experience in New
Jersey was not different, and in my report for 1906 I gave
an account of what had been theretofore learned concerning
this elusive creature.

Our experience had very greatly narrowed the' scope of
the investigation, by eliminating all the usual breeding places
and methods of other mosquitoes and had pointed very strongly
to certain permanent bodies of water containing considerable
vegetation.

Perturbans is not usually a common species and the only
locality from which I have annually received it in large num-
bers is Lahaway, in Ocean County, the collector being my old
friend, J. Turner Brakeley, who has done so much to help
along this mosquito investigation. He did not fail to obtain
them again in 1907, and sent them in by the hundred during
July. As I was unable to get to Lahaway myself, at that
time, I sent Mr. John A. Grossbeck to make the hunt for me
on July 3ist, and accompanied by Mr. Brakeley, who pointed
out the most likely places, Mr. Grossbeck found that eggs were
laid in rafts on the surface of the water in densely grass
or sedge-covered areas and that these boats sank readily when
disturbed unless supported against a stalk or blade of grass.
Sixty-nine egg boats were taken from one pool 25 x 35 feet,
and others were found in similar areas. A few very young
larvae were found, but not under such conditions as to indicate
their actual habits.

With this knowledge Mr. Grossbeck succeeded in locating
another swamp area near Trenton, 6 or 7 acres in extent, in
which egg boats were also found in some numbers.

ENT. NKWS, VOL. XIX.

I'l. III.

CULEX PERTURBANS

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 23

As it was considered almost certain that the larva hibernated,
the matter was dropped until fall, and in September, Mr.
P>rakeley again began work. I had discussed the matter with
him and had suggested that the insect must be attached, some-
how, to some object, vegetable or animal, in such a way as
to keep it permanently submerged ; and so water plants were
first examined, without result. Finally, on September 2ist,
an entire bunch of grass was taken up from the bottom, mud
and all, and was washed out in a large beaker and graduate.
From this several larvae in the second and third stage were
obtained and sent to me. The clue was now in hand, and Mr.
Grossbeck was sent to Trenton, September 2/th, and in two
hours he had over forty larva?, ranging from stages 2 to 4,
and we knew just where the insects were found. Sections of
sod from the swamp were brought into the Laboratory and
placed in large battery jars, and soon we had over 100 larvae
under observation.

Briefly stated, the larva of perturbans lives in swamp areas,
densely grass and reed-covered, some two to four inches below
the bottom surface, and attached by the anal siphon to the roots
of grasses which have a very open vascular texture. They can
only be obtained by getting the net under the tufts of grass
roots and scooping about, so as to dislodge the attached larvae.
Judging from our experience the infested areas must be cov-
ered by at least four inches of water, and when the water
gets a foot deep and more open, no more larvae are found. It
is the grass-root system and not the mud that is sought, as
I demonstrated at Lahaway early in November. Here the pool
where Mr. Grossbeck had collected the eggs had become much
deeper from late rains, and the mass of bottom vegetation had
separated and was floating about 6 inches from the bottom.
It was possible to break through the sod so as to get beneath
it, and with a small net, to scoop along the bottom of the root-
mass and from these roots I secured from one to five specimens
in every trial made ; but from the mud in the bottom I obtained
nothing.

The life cycle of this peculiar species is not yet complete,
as the pupa has not been found ; but enough is known to make

24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., 'o8

it certain that there is only one annual brood and that hiberna-
tion is in the larval stage.

Mr. Grossbeck has prepared the following description of the
larva ready for hibernation and apparently in the last stage,
though probably not quite full grown. The illustrations will
supplement the description.

Description of the larva (PI. IV, Fig. i) :

Length, 6 to 7.5 mm. = .24 to .30 of an inch from head to end of ninth
abdominal segment. It is a robust wriggler resembling in life the
larva of Culex jamaicensis. In color it is white tinged with a clear
transparent green which is of ten. the predominating hue. The head is
pale brown, much broader than long, rounded in front and flat at the
sides ; four large and four small tufts of hair arise from the vertex,
two of the large ones of 6 or 7 hairs each from the central portion,
between which the four small tufts are situated, and one of 10 or n
hairs near the base of each antenna. Of the small tufts the anterior pair
are each composed of 6 hairs, the posterior pair of 7 each. There is
also another pair of moderate sized hair tufts near the base of the
head just below and inward of the eyes; these are composed of five
hairs each. The eyes are remarkably small, black, and placed far
down on the sides of the head. The antenna (Figs. 3 and 4) is very
long and somewhat filamentous, infuscated at basal third and almost
colorless beyond ; a large tuft of 18 to 20 long hairs arises from an
offset at the basal third and from this point the shaft is continued
for some little distance apparently as a thickened side of a hollow
tube which is open on one side to the apex of the main shaft; this
apex is terminated by two long needle-like spines and the filamentous
process has at its end a very small articulated spine. The mentum
(Fig. 5) is triangular in form with a deeply excavated base and six
large teeth on each side of an apical one besides a small tooth which
is sometimes present near the base. The mandible (Fig. 6) presents
much the appearance of that of the ordinary Culcx (sens, lat.) type
but has three curved dorsal spines and the teeth are small and situated
some distance back from the apex. The maxillary palpus (Fig. 7)
offers little that is peculiar, but the subapical spine is exceptionally
long and blade-like and the basal process is rather small with curved
apical teeth.

The thorax and abdomen are normal in form, the former with the
usual number and location of long hair tufts ; but the abdomen has
only one tuft, of two hairs on each side of the first segment, the fol-
lowing five each having but a single* long lateral hair, while segments
7 and 8 have none except the several short hairs which are common to
all segments. The eighth segment bears the lateral patches of scales,

KNT. NEWS, VOL. XIX.

PI. IV

CULEX PERTURBANS

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 25

each of which is composed of from 12 to 16 scales, arranged in an
irregular, partly double row. The individual scale (Fig. 10) is lanceo-
late with a long apical spine and fringes of small spines at the sides.
The ninth segment is somewhat variable in length, but is always longer
than broad and is completely encircled by a light brown chitinous
ring. The ventral brush is normal, but the dorsal hair tufts are four
in number instead of the usual two. The anal gills are slightly longer
than the width of the ninth segment and are supplied with obvious
trachea. The breathing tube (Figs. 8 and 9) is a highly -complex organ
representing an extreme modification of the ordinary anal siphon.
In color it is pale brown with the extreme base and apical half strongly
infuscated. From a dorsal aspect (Fig. 9) it is bottle shaped* with
the basal half greatly dilated. From the side the apical half curves
slightly dorsally and two long blade-like spines arises from large
papillse situated on a distinct dorsal offset. The constricted portion
of the tube is provided within with projecting flaps which appear to
hold the inner chitinous tube in position. The apex of each lateral
set of flaps is furnished with six horizontally extended hooks. The
inner tube, to which the tracheae are attached at its base, is a compli-
cated structure in itself, being composed of several distinct pieces. A
small elongate piece forms the ventral wall while another much larger
piece extends curvedly from one edge to the other. From the apex
of the tube thus formed extend two small tubular structures terminated
at their apices by an articulated, irregular, corneous piece which, by
the action of the long, somewhat chitinous piece coming from the
interior of the eighth abdominal segment is capable of being thrust for-
ward and horizontally outward. Another separate little piece on the
dorsal side of the main inner tube has a serrated edge which is plainly
seen from a side view of the entire siphon.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE III.

Fig. i, egg-boat of Culcx perturbans; 2, position of egg-boat on water
when supported by a grass stalk; 3, young larva just out of egg; 4,
antenna of same ; 5, mandible ; 6, mentum witli hypopharnyx ; 7, anal
siphon; 8, lateral patch of scales; 9, method of attachment of the
larva to a grass root : all more or less enlarged : original.

PLATE IV.

Fig. I, well grown larva; 2, head, showing position of hair tufts; 3,
antenna ; 4, portion of same enlarged ; 5, mentum ; 6, mandible ; 7,
maxillary palpus; 8, caudal segments of larva; 9, anal siphon; 10,
single scale from lateral abdominal patch; all much enlarged: original.

* The drawing was made from a balsam mount and is consequently much broader and
and the outline distorted.

26 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., '08

Notes on some Angolan Insects of Economic or
Pathologic Importance.

BY F. CREIGHTON WELLMAN, Benguella, West Africa.

From my collecting notes on over a thousand species se-
cured in Portuguese West Africa during the past two or three
years, I have selected extracts concerning some that are useful
or inimical to man, hoping that my observations may prove
interesting and possibly in some degree novel. I have confined
the list to a few of the more striking species. Several of
the insects have been reported by me on previous occasions,
and references are given to some of these publications. It is
highly probable that part of the observations have been re-
corded before by others, as it is of course impossible to con-
sult either books or periodicals while in West Africa. The
numbers preceding the names of the insects indicate the order
in which they stand in my collecting record.

i.

No. 124. Diplognatha silicea McL. (Coleopt.)

This handsome Cetonid, known locally as the "thatch beetle,"
is a great pest in a country where grass thatch is the common
roofing material. D. silicea is a large beetle, perfectly black
all over, with a beautiful jewel-like polish, as its name implies.
It breeds in dry or clamp grass, and almost every evening dur-
ing the wet season the 9 9 may be seen and heard tmzzing
clumsily about the eaves or top of a house. The grubs eat
the thatch so that water penetrates and the roof rots in conse-
quence. In one station their ravages were particularly annoy-
ing a few years ago, the roofs being ruined in a short time.
In many places, however, the damage done is inconsiderable.

2.

No. 539. Glossina palpalis wellmani Aust. (Dipt.)
This subspecies is the southern representative of Gl. palpalis
Rob.-Desv. the carrier of African sleeping sickness. The dis-
tribution of palpalis in Angola affords an excellent example of
the effect of climate on insect life. In the hot northern dis-
tricts of the colony (Congo, Ambriz, etc.) Gl. palpalis palpalis

Jan., *08J ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 27

only is found. In the intermediate somewhat cooler regions
(Cazengo, Golungo-Alto, Ambaca, etc.) Gl. palpalis palpalis
and Gl. palpalis well ma ni are found side by side, while in the
comparatively cool southern part of the province (Catumbella,
Kubal and Cunene rivers, etc.) Gl. palpalis wcllmani is found
alone. From recent observations it appears that wellmani
exists as far east as Lake Muero and the Dikulwe and Lufira
rivers in the Congo Free State, and when sufficient additional
observations are recorded they will probably prove that the
fly extends right across Africa. This new 7 subspecies of
tse-tse fly has been proven to transmit human trypanosomiasis
and is thus directly connected not only with the development
of the country but also with the very existence of the native
races. I have elsewhere published papers on the habits * and
geographical distribution t of this fly.

3-

No. 635. Phoncr gates bicoloripes Stal. (Hemipt.)
This fine Heteropteron belongs to the Reduviidse and has
habits similar to Opisccrtns personatits L. except that instead
of preying on Clinocoris lectularins, P. bicoloripes pursues a
blood-sucking tick (Ornithodoros inonbata Murray) catching
it and mulcting it of its ill-gotten food. There would seem to
be no doubt that this bug preys especially on O. moubata as
I have taken several in the act and (while I have collected
many African Reduviidse) have never seen the one in question
except in native kraals, which swarm with ticks, and have
never found other species sucking the ticks. While various
Reduviidae will fly to light at night, yet P. bicoloripes is the
only local species I know of which actually lives in houses.
O. moubata is one of the most persistent and troublesome
suckers of human blood in Africa, its bite being very painful,
to say nothing of the fact that it transmits human spirochre-
tosis and filariasis. So the bug under discussion would be of
interest even were it not that it is itself capable of inflicting a

* Notes on the Habits of Tsetse-flies, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, S> pt .
1906, p. 242.

t Neue Bcobachtungen ueher die geojjraphische Vcrbreitung von Gl<*i>ia f>al/>alis
Roh.-Desv., Deutsche KntomoloRische Xeitschrift, Feb. 25, 1907, p. 199.

28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., '08

bite which is so severe that the natives compare it with that
of a poisonous snake. I am elsewhere * publishing in full my
notes on this interesting insect.

4-

No. 500. Bostrychopsis ccphalotcs Ol. (Coleopt.)
This species (known to the blacks as "Osekoseko") is, to-
gether with its allies, of vast economic significance. It is a
wood borer which destroys most native "soft" woods, riddling
them completely so that a timber will in time break of its own
weight. There is an almost unlimited amount of timber in
Angola that is of no value whatever because of this pest. Myri-
ads of fine trees (Bcrlinia paniculata, Brachystegia tainarin-
doides, etc.) cannot be used on this account. There are for-
tunately a good many "hard" trees (Pterocarpus crinaccus,
Burkea africana, Balsamca mulelame, etc. also Ebenaceae)
which the borer does not touch. But these as a rule are more
difficult to work than the "soft" kinds. I once made some ex-
periments with this bettle. I found that boards, if sawed im-
mediately after the tree is felled and then dipped in a long
trough containing a weak solution of sulphate of copper, escape
riddling. Another method is to soak them in a stream of
water until they smell sour. Of course, the trouble in such
procedures is that the boards warp badly for lack of proper
seasoning.

5-
No. 525. Heptaphlebcmyia siinple.r Theob. (Dipt.)

I have chosen this mosquito not only because it is a common
and vicious blood-sucker, but also because my observations on
it have a bearing on the vexed and unsettled systematic prob-
lems presented by the Culicidne, the which are now engaging
the active attention of different zoologists. H. siinpJc.r, which
in its general facies suggests Culc.r fatigans Wied., was known
previous to the writer's collections only from 9 specimens,
which differ from all other known mosquitoes by having a
distinct seventh scaled wing vein, upon which character Mr.
Theobald has founded a new genus and a new sub-family.

* Deutsche Entom. Zeitschrift.

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 29

From some Angolan specimens bred from eggs by the writer,
however, appears the remarkable fact, already discussed by me
in another publication, * that the $ $ do not share this pecul-
iarity. In these there is no true scaled seventh vein, but the
sixth is bent at right angles near the edge of the wing. This
instance serves to illustrate the dangers of sweeping systematic
conclusions founded upon restricted data. H. simplex occurs
in great numbers in the rainy season, usually in company with
other mosquitoes, especially Daniclsia wellmani Theob. and
Mansonia iinifonnis Theob. It breeds in foul pools, the egg's
being brown in color and laid in rafts.

6.
No. 877. ? Natada amicta Swinh. (Lepidopt.)

It is well known that the larvae of some Lepidoptera defend
themselves by means of stinging hairs. For instance, we have
I:niprctia stimulea and Aittoincris io in America. In Angola
there are a number of caterpillars with this habit. Three of
these are especially venomous and belong respectively to the
Limacodidae (Micro), Arctiidae (Macro) and Liparidae (this
latter resembling rather closely the larvae of some Tortricidae).
I have repeatedly tried to breed out these caterpillars, but have
never succeeded. I have seen the Limacodid larvae very often
in spots haunted by imagines of the species named at the head
of this note, and have therefore provisionally connected the
two forms. This caterpillar is locally called "Epnvi" and
stings terribly. I once saw a severe case of urticaria in a
white child following one touch of it.

7-
No. 140. Brachytrypus uicmbranaccus Drury. (Orthopt.)

This giant cricket is dug out of its burrows in mealie fields
by the native women, often in great numbers. One can some-
times see small basketfuls, wings and legs removed, ready for
the pot for they are esteemed a great delicacy. Native chil-
dren often go about digging for these crickets, and not seldom

* Uber einen auffallenden Sexual-Dimorphismus bei I />/>/ a phh'bomyia A imf> /-.- Tlu-ob.,
Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Jan., i, 1907, p. 19.

3O ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., 'o8

get their fingers badly nipped in return, as the insect's man-
dibles are sharp and powerful and can draw blood. When a
nest of driver ants (Annonia arccns Westw.) goes on a raid
it is a sight to see the crickets (comparatively elephantine in
size) driven from their holes, stridulating indignantly and
struggling in vain to rid themselves from their foes.

8.

No. 538. Sarcophaga africa Wied. (Dipt.)
This handsome, viviparous fly breeds in faeces, putrid meat,
etc. I have elsewhere * published an account of experimental
myasis which I produced in goats, using this species of fly and
the allied Sarcophaga olbofasciata Macq.

9-

No. 524. Culc.v hirsutipalpis Theob. (Dipt.)

This mosquito is not only a great nuisance but, like H.
simplex (ride antca) is interesting for other reasons. The
(5 $ from this region differ from the type in having no pale
band at the apex of the palpi, and Mr. Theobald's diagnosis
of my first specimens was "Culcx sp. nov. near hirsutipalpis
Theob." A suite of specimens which I bred from eggs shows
this sexual dimorphism to be constant and also reveals a re-
markable variation in size, some individuals being a third
smaller than the type. I have published some observations on
the pupae f which occur in amazing numbers at the last of the
rains. The eggs are black and laid in rafts. They breed out
readily in captivity. I should say before leaving this mosquito
that the figure of the $ ungues on p. 381 of Theobald's Mono-
graph is incorrect.

10.

No. 137. Schistocera pcregrinatoria L. (Orthopt.)

The ravages of these pests in some parts of West Africa
are almost incredible. I once witnessed the advance of the
early wingless form through the Chisanje country to the east
of Benguella. Hardly a green thing was left behind them. In

* Experimental Myasis in Goats, etc., Journal of Medical Research, Jan., 1906. p. 439.
t Extraordinary Number of Pupae of Culex hirsutipalpis, Entomologist, May, 1906,
p. 116.

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 3!

the adult winged state they sometimes come in such numbers
as to darken the sun. The blacks may then be seen running
back and forth over their plantations in the hope of saving
their crops from the voracious marauders. At night these
locusts (native name "Olohuma") settle on trees and shrubs,
sometimes in such numbers as to almost cover them, and they
may fly so closely together that a certain number break their
wings by striking their fellows and therefore fall helpless to
the ground. The insects are eaten by lizards, small mammals
and birds, especially a sort of plover, Glarcola nordnmnni,
which apparently follows and feeds entirely on locusts. The
native Africans, too, are very fond of them when roasted.
They also kill them by dropping them into boiling water and
then dry and store them away for future use. I have found
a considerable per cent, of these locusts infested with a long
thin nematode embryo (Gordius sf>.}. On one occasion, too,
I found enormous numbers dying on the ground. I examined
a number but could not discover the cause of their fate.

II.

No. 626. ? Drihts sp. (Coleopt.)

A member of the Malacodermata (imago unknown) which
I have repeatedly tried in vain to breed out. The larva is com-
mon, but in captivity dies without pupating. The grub is
called by the natives "Ochisia," which is equivalent to Noli me
tongcrc! It is greatly feared, because if one steps on it with
bare feet the bristles with which it is armed pierce the thick
skin of the sole and work into the flesh, causing pain, inflam-
mation and even sloughing. One may hear a whole caravan
of porters warning each other that there is an "Ochisia" in the
path.

12.

No. 537. Auchmeromyia httcola Fabr. (Dipt.)
This fly (the larva of which has been somewhat unfortu-
nately designated as the "Congo" Floor Maggot) is an im-
portant human ectoparasite, widespread in Africa, living en-
tirely in its larval state, so far as is known, on human blood.

32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., '08

I have already published in these columns * an account of its
life history and shall not repeat my observations here.

No. 449. Chrysobotliris fatalis Har. (Coleopt.)
This Btiprestid together with others of the same family,
c. g., Stcnwccra feldspathica Whit., Stcraspis amplipenms
Fabr., Psiloptcra wcllmani Kerr., etc., deserve place in this
list from the fact of the wood boring habits of their larvae;
but my notes on these are not yet complete and I include the
species because it (with the other three handsome species men-
tioned) is a common article of food among the native blacks,
who also eat other beetles, notably Zograplms fero.v Har. and
the larvae of a species of Canicnta.

14.

No. 547. Anthomyia dcsjardcnsii Macq. (Dipt.)
I have reported a severe case of intestinal myasis caused by
this fly.f Thirty larvae were passed by the patient, some
of which were bred out and proved to be the species above
mentioned. The fly, first described from the Isle of France,
had not previously been convicted of causing myasis in man.

15-
No. 1025. Dacnodes wellmani Burr. (Dermatopt.)

This giant tropical earwig which has proved to represent a
new genus and species was first brought to my attention by
the fact that the blacks fear it and scramble out of its way in
the same manner that they avoid scorpions, centipedes, etc.
They state that the creature "bites" and is very poisonous, giv-
ing instances of serious effects from its venom. It is an in-
teresting fact that another large earwig (Anisolabus colossca
Dohrn) found in New South Wales is feared in the same man-
ner by the inhabitants. I have never personally seen any one
bitten by D. wellmani, but it is very possible that it may intro-
duce septic matter by a bite from its powerful forceps some-

* Observations on the Bionomics of Auchmeromyia luteola Fabricius, ENTOM. NEWS,
Feb., 1906, p. 64.

t Intestinal Myasis Accompanied by Severe Abdominal Pain, etc., American Journal of
the Medical Sciences, May, 1906.

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 33

what as a species of Mutilla common in Cyprus (locally called
"Sphalangi") is thought to convey anthrax bacilli by its sting.

16.

No. 1 68. Polyrhachis militaris cupreobubescens For.

(Hymenopt.)

This ant (which is the local representative of P. militaris
Fabr.) is to my mind the most interesting of all Angolan insects.
The habits of the Driver Ant (Annoma arccns Westw.) have
elicited much admiration, but those of the less known species
under discussion are even more wonderful. These ants are
a mighty friend to mankind in that they feed on termites. I
once spent an hour or so watching them raid a nest of these
insects. The termites were swarming, the ground about their
nest being almost covered with workers and soldiers, and the
winged adults were rising in great numbers. The orderly and
steady advance of the ants, which were about 450 in number,
was in marked contrast to the oftentimes somewhat erratic
movements of A. arccns. On reaching the termites the ants
broke order and killed the workers by crushing each one in
their mandibles. The more formidable soldiers and large
winged adults were seized and stung to death. Then each ant
loaded its mandibles with as many termites as it could crowd
into them, using both legs and tip of abdomen in the process,
and the whole column filed off to their nest, the entire move-
ment being executed with a precision and expedition that can
only be compared to the maneuvers of a trained body of sol-
diers. As the ant nests are innumerable and their raids take
place often, they greatly lessen the number of destructive ter-
mites in the colony. They are rather vicious creatures, being
armed with a powerful sting, the effects of which are fully as
severe as those of the larger wasps. I have been stung while
digging out their nests for larvsc and pupge, and to obtain
specimens of Paussidas. The sting causes swelling, burning,
itching and does not entirely disappear for a fortnight. When
disturbed the ants stridulate with an angry buzzing sound al-
most exactly like that of water boiling in a small vessel.

(To be concluded)

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

[The Conductors of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS solicit and will thankfully receive items
of news likely to interest its readers from any source. The author's name will be given
in each case, for the information of cataloguers and bibliographers.]

To Contributors. All contributions will be considered and passed upon at out
earliest convenience, and, as far as may be, will be published according to date of recep-
tion. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS has reached a circulation, both in numbers and circumfer-
ence, as to make it necessary to put " copy " into the hands of the printer, for each num-
ber, three weeks before date of issue. This should be remembered in sending special or
important matter for a certain issue. Twenty-five "extras," without change in form,
will be given free, when they are wanted ; and this should be so stated on the MS., along
with the number desired. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged. ED.

PHILADELPHIA, PA., JANUARY, 1908.

We have selected a fossil species as the most remarkable in-
sect made known during the preceding year. Halter amcri-
cana was described by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell in Science, N.
S., vol. XXVI, No. 666, p. 446, October 4, 1907. We quote
from the original article as follows : A wonderfully preserved
example with wings spread, from the Miocene shales of Floris-

sant, Colorado. The anterior wings are clear hyaline, with
venation as usual in the genus ; hind wings as in all the Ne-
mopteridae, to which family it belongs. The Nemopteridae
are to-day confined to the Old World, except a single species
found in Chile. This species belongs to the section of the
genus containing the Persian Halter extensa Oliv.

34

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 35

It has been suggested to the NEWS that there should be a
journal devoted to personal recriminations. Such a publication
could be issued once or twice a year and the expense of the
publication should be defrayed by the authors of the articles
appearing in it. There should be no editing of any article
except in so far as necessary to allow the publication to go
through the United States mails. Personalities should not
appear in self-respecting journals, as they do not advance
science in any way, and the persons indulging in them only
hold themselves up to ridicule and scorn. It is very unpleasant
to reply to such articles and individuals should rise superior
to the imputation that the failure to reply means acknowledg-
ment of the position taken by the other party.

Moreover, the scientific world is not interested in disputes,
as science is only advanced by the general acceptance of facts.
On the other hand differences of opinion expressed in appro-
priate language should never cause offense. In a formative
study different views are very likely to be held and should cause

no friction.

>

Entomological Literature.

FURTHER RESEARCHES ON NORTH AMERCAN ACRIDIIDAE. By Albert
Pitts Morse. Carnegie Institution Publication, No. 68, 1907. 54
pp., i map, 9 pis. and frontispiece.

This extremely interesting publication is a report on the data ob-
tained during a field trip made in the summer of 1905 under the auspices
of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. On a previous trip, the
results of which have been reviewed in these pages,* the author car-
ried his field investigations through a large portion of the southeastern
United States, and on the expedition of 1905 it was planned to make
a reconnaissance of Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and
Arkansas. However, the presence of yellow fever in Louisiana and
the accompanying quarantines necessitated a re-arrangement of the
work, and in consequence Indian Territory, Oklahoma and northern
and "Pan-handle" Texas were examined instead of Louisiana. In all
fifty-two localities were visited, of which Cheaha Mountain, Alabama,
Magazine Mountain and Rich Mountain, Arkansas and Mount Sheri-
dan, Oklahoma, may be particularly mentioned. The boreal element
noted on several of these mountains, while meagre, is still sufficient
to make the regions of considerable interest.

* ENTOM. NEWS, xvi, pp. 22-23.

36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., 'oS

After a general summary of the field work completed, the paper is
divided into the following sections : Life Zones of Region Examined
(p. 7) ; Humid and Arid Faunas, Dispersal, Brachypterism (pp. 7-8) ;
Locust Coloration (pp. S-ii) ; Notes on Coloration and Variation
(pp. 11-12) ; Habits, Habitats and Local Lists (pp. 13-22) ; Extension
of Known Range (p. 23) ; List of New Species and Varieties Se-
cured (p. 23) ; Localities at which collecting was done (pp. 23-24) ;
Annotated List of Species (pp. 24-54).

Under "Humid and Arid Faunas" the opinion is expressed that "the
transition from humid to arid conditions and fauna is gradual rather
than abrupt, the borderland of the two in Texas, Indian Territory
and Oklahoma being peopled by numerous genera and species of very
wide. .. .distribution, and also by some of more limited range re-
stricted to the district between the Mississippi River and the Rocky
Mountains, but occurring both in the humid and arid sections of this
region." Under "Brachypterism," the author states that aside from
the Tettiginze "every flightless species of locust known from the
eastern half of the continent is phytophilous, as distinguished from
geophilous, in habits. This statement is in accord with the author's
previously expressed view on brachypterism, but it appears to the re-
viewer that exception can be taken to this statement in several in-
stances, the most striking of which are the most decidedly brachypter-
ous and consequently flightless Aptenopedes sphenarwides and Radino-
ta tit in brcvipenne, both species being at all events as terrestrial as
Spharagemon bolli, which is considered (p. 37) a sylvan geophile.

Under "Locust Coloration" (pp. 9-10), the author gives us a much
simpler and more logical argument than that presented by Vosseler to
account for the brilliant coloration of the wings of certain Acrididse.
The display of the wing color is considered to be a method of "signal-
ing, of attracting attention and thereby effecting or maintaining com-
munication between the sexes or the individuals of a community."
Under variation notes (p. 12), it is of particular interest to note that
the material collected by Prof. Morse demonstrates the necessity of
considering four nominal species of Trachyrhachis (Mestobrcgina of
authors) as mere geographic races of a widely-spread species. From a
type with a broad fuscous band on the wing and a lemon yellow disk
to the same (thoinasi), two intermediate forms (fuscifrons and oblit-
erata) carry the gradation to a type with the wing band entirely lack-
ing and the disk hyaline (kiowa). This variation is correlated with
climatic conditions, the strongly colored type inhabiting the more humid
regions, the hyaline type frequenting the more arid sections, the inter-
mediates occupying intermediate areas.

The new species and varieties taken on the 1905 expedition were
Nomotetti.r cristatiis dcnticulaius, Hippiscus iiniiuiciilotits, Podisma
australis, Melanoplus latens, M. tuberculatus, M. tribuloides, M.

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 37

tepidus and M. scuddcri latus. In all, one hundred and twenty-four
species were secured.

In examining the "Annotated List of Species," a few records and
statements call for some remarks. The record of Teluiatctti.r aztecus
Saussure from Mt. Sheridan, Oklahoma, is of considerable interest, as
arc also that of Orphulella spcciosa from Cheaha Mountain, Ala-
bama and Chlocaltis conspcrsa from Magazine Mountain, Arkansas.
The information on Boopcdon aurircntris is of interest, while the
data on the very local and distinctly saxicolous Trimerotropis sa.vatilis
are very complete, demonstrating how protective coloration is appar-
ently a strong factor in the life of this species.

Under notes on various species of Schistocerca (pp. 42-44) the
author recedes somewhat from his former position on the synonymy
of 5". alutacea and rubiginosa, admitting that in the south and west
"the structural gap between the two seems to be bridged." The
record of a species of Podisma from Cheaha Mountain, Alabama, and
Melanoplus fasciatus from the same locality are of particular interest,
while the remarks under Melanoplus kceleri regarding the possible
synonymy of kceleri, hiridtis and dclctor arc noteworthy when taken
with the synonymy of deleter and kceleri recently established by an-
other author. We have to thank Prof. Morse for giving us an ex-
tremely important work which, with his previous one along the same
lines, is absolutely indispensable to the student of insect bionomics as
well as the working Orthopterist. J. A. G. R.

MOSQUITO LIFE. BY EVELYN GROESBEECK MITCHELL. J. P. PUTNAM'S
SONS, NEW YORK AND LONDON. The Knickerbocker Press.
1907. XXII, 1-281 pp., front., illus., plates.

In this book Miss Mitchell has given the public, more especially of
America, a digest of the voluminous contributions that have been made
to this subject up to the present time, and in addition, some original ob-
servations and conclusions of her own that have never before been pub-
lished.

The text is clear and covers all phases of the subject that are and are
likely to continue to be of interest to people in general. Moreover, the
numerous illustrations are destined to make clear all points that might
have remained doubtful without this assistance. To indicate the scope of
the work, we cite the titles of the different chapters : I. Systematic Po-
sition and Structure. II. Some Habits of the Adults. Herein the types
of habits of everyday interest are fully brought before the reader and
explained. III. How Far Mosquitos Fly. This momentous subject is
properly given a separate chapter and here the important species are
considered in regard to a phenomenon, the knowledge of which is so ex-
ceedingly useful in that it dictates what shall be the extent of extermina-
tion for the relief of a given area wherein the prevalent species of mos-
quitos are known. V. Larvae and Pupae. VI. Malaria. VII. Yellow

38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., '08

Fever and Other Diseases. In this and the preceding chapter good ac-
counts are given of the interrelations between man, some of the lowest
forms of animal life and mosquitos ; also the status of yellow fever in
regard to these insects. VIII. Mosquito Remedies and Enemies. Em-
bodying the details of the most practical means toward the mitigation of
the scourge and pest. IX. Notes on the Commoner Species. Wherein
are set forth the cardinal features of the carriers of disease, the pestifer-
ous forms and a few of the seemingly harmless, yet interesting species.
X. Collecting and Laboratory Methods. XI. Identification Keys and
Systematic List. These, the last and the next to the last, chapters have
in them information of great importance in the first stage of any cam-
paign against mosquitos. Especially worthy of note are the keys
whereby the larvae may be positively determined. The key to larvae
makes the book exceptionally valuable to the inspector who, in the course
of his survey, cannot take time to breed out the species which he meets
in the pursuit of his object i. e., the blazing the way for the .practical
exterminator or the health officer and the contractor. Finally, there is a
bibliography which, to those sufficiently interested, opens all channels
leading to the vast library on mosquitoes ; an appendix entitled Mos-
quitoes and Leprosy, in which is reviewed the speculation on the sup-
posed relation between these two, and a full and convenient index to the
entire book.

The latest generic combinations of the species is given, also most of
the synonyms we regret in this connection to have to note the abscence
of one of the synonyms of Anopheles maculipennis, namely clainger,
which is current even at this late date among American doctors of medi-
cine, in witness whereof we cite; "Plain Labels on Germ Enemies,"
by W. H. Thompson, M.D., LL.D. Everybody's Magazine, page 692 ;
1907.

All in all, this volume is a most useful one one that will supply a very
evident want. It should be widely heralded so that it may reach every
intelligent person. Entomologists, doctors, health officers and, in fact,
all who are interested in public welfare, can't afford to be without this
latest guide, which indeed deserves to be inscribed as it is " In Memory
of James William Dupree, M. D. The true citizen, the beloved physician,
the constant investigator." H. L. VIERECK.

ON THE W. HORN-ROESCHKE SCHOOL.

In the Annals of the Hungarian National Museum, there has lately ap-
peared a monograph of the Cychrini, by Dr. Hans Roeschke, purporting
to include all the described species. The subject is treated on the lines
of the W. Horn-Roeschke school of entomological philosophers, with
its ponderous system of species, subspecies, varieties, aberrations and
monstrosities, although the divine inspiration by which they are enabled
to determine the status of these various subordinate forms belongs only
to themselves. It appears to me that ordinary common sense would

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 39

dictate hut two subdivisions of the species, as demonstrable by material
at hand in our collections, the subspecies and the mutant or sport, the
former including the subspecies and variety of the W. Horn-Roeschke
school and the latter term comprising; the so-called aberration and
monstrosity, the distinction between which is surely academic. The
determination of any particular form as a mutant is generally a pure
guess, but this single conjecture is preferable to the two or three guesses
of the school under consideration.

We may proceed at once to the discussion of several points of more or
less general interest suggested by this work on the Cychrini, one of
which refers to the right of a reviewer to reestablish a specific type,
the original being lost, as in the case of B returns ovalis Mots. In my
monograph of the genus Brennus, I established a new type for ovalis,
corresponding completely with the original description and figure of
Motschulsky and felicitated myself upon a happy discovery, but this fact
is wholly disregarded by Roeschke, who states that ovalis is something
else. This is a matter of principle, to be associated with the priority
principle and others equally vital to the permanence of our nomencla-
torial system, and I bring it forward now to test its reality among serious
investigators. Ovalis, as I established it, is a species allied to ventrico-
sus, having two anal setae in the female and is not one of the allies of
punctatostriatus, of which alternatus Mots., is a synonym, the type of the
latter also being lost. I believe it can correctly be maintained that the
only authentic type of Brennus ovalis Mots., now forms part of my col-
lection.

A certain apparent animus on the part of the author of the Cychrini
monograph has led him not only into many errors of identification, but uni-
formly induced him to refuse me the benefit of the doubt where absolute
knowledge was lacking ; this is particularly evident on p. iSi, where he
accuses me of making three species on identical material, based upon
purely individual differences. I can assure him that he is mistaken, not
only as to the material being collected in anywhere near the same
locality, but in the taxonomic value of the three forms, which might be
considered subspecies of a single species, if one so desires, but could in
no possible way be held to be synonyms by any careful investigator.*
And this leads me to the most serious defect in the methods of this new
W. Horn-Roeschke school, in failing to recognize the forms due to geo-
graphic isolation, by which most species have undoubtedly arisen, for it
is chiefly by the study of these subspecific or incipiently specific forms

* Restricting observation to the males, for purposes of comparison, convergens, col-
lected only in Siskiyou Co., Cal., has the hind body very narrow and elongate, with a
more biconvex and less opaque prothorax ; opacicollis, with relatively larger, flatter
and opaque prothorax, has a very stout and broadly oval hind body; it \vas colK.i.d
only in Oregon. Sculptipi'nnis , formed nearly as in opacicollis, has a nai n >\\ i i , mure
shining prothorax, with the sides more sinuate toward base; it has lately been recci\.d
from Mr. Fuchs, collected at Upper Soda Springs, Cal., which was probably the locality
of the original Levette specimens.

40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., '08

that our knowledge of evolution may be substantially advanced, and
their complete effacement in a taxonomic system as meaningless syno-
nyms, is a retrograde movement that cannot live. In other words, this
school aims to enhance the importance of a species, frequently to sub-
generic rank, and to blot out, as far as possible, all intermediate forms.
These local forms ought to be designated by name in order to admit of
ready reference. I generally describe them as species, because the time
is not yet ripe to assign them their true places, though the differential
characters employed will generally indicate their relationships, but
whether they are called species or subspecies, according to the idiosyn-
cracies of various systematists, is wholly immaterial to me ; to lump
them as synonyms into a composite species with all manner of divergent
modifications, which are permanent and recognizable in the several local
forms, is, however, by no means calculated to increase the sum of knowl-
edge or to afford useful data for etiologic investigation. Greater care
and exercise of more perceptive discrimination in studying the forms of
animal life is, with this exaggerated valuation of the species, forcing us into
trinomials ; it will finally result in quadrinomials if the relative import-
ance of the species does not follow downward, and we shall ultimately
lose all the benefits of the binomial system. The genera of Linne are
the families and orders of to-day, and the species of many ultra-conserva-
tive writers of yesterday are becoming the genera and subgenera of more
discriminating systematists.

I am rather of the opinion, after preliminary study, that the method of
subdivision for the various groups of Brennus, proposed by Dr. Roeschke,
is more satisfactory and somewhat more practical than that of Dr. G. H.
Horn, which I adopted in my revision, but when the author assumes that
each one of these semi-subgeneric groups represents but a single species,
with an attendant retinue of subspecies, varieties, aberrations, anomalies
and monstrosities, he adopts certainly a very extreme view of specific
weight and, moreover, one that is very complex and confusing. The
marginatus group alone contains some eight or nine clearly marked,
true-breeding, constant and easily recognizable forms, which, according
to usual custom, ought to be considered species, or some of them possi-
bly subspecies, and the assumption, on the part of the author, that he
can conclusively assign these various forms to the numerous subordinate
categories adopted by the school under discussion, bespeaks a degree of
self-confidence which is truly astounding. Besides, he does not make
enough groups, fitchsianus, for example, not being assignable to any
one of those defined by him, having the facies and general structure of
ventricosus, with a single anal seta in the female and wholly isolated in
some features, as in the greatly elevated thoracic margin.

The work of Roeschke on the Cychrids is a perfect replica, in method
and nomenclature, of the recent papers by Dr. W. Horn on the Cicinde-
lidae and the defects of the latter author in his mode of reasoning are
fully as patent as those of the former, for one who could unite Omus man-

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 41

tanus with edwardsi as a mere synonym, must have the sense of intellec-
tual perception very feebly developed ; such a course could only be con-
fusing to future reviewers and of no possible service to science, which is
supposed to be an orderly and systematic statement of fact. This lapse
of scientific acumen is in every way similar to that of Roeschke in sup-
pressing the splendidly distinct Brennus insularis as a synonym of mar-
ginatus, the reduction of symmetricus to the status of an "aberration,"
whatever that may mean, the identification of strictus with latipennis
Mots., the suppressing of basalis as a mere subspecies of crislatus and
Cychrus pustulosus as a synonym of tuberculatus, and in reaching many
other equally false conclusions, which can only serve to still more hope-
lessly befog the subject of specific identity in this rather difficult group
of beetles.

While engaged in polemics, it may be worth while to draw attention to
a recent article by Dr. J. Weise, in which he emits the opinion that I did
not intend to write Macroneemia a genus of Coccinellidae but meant
Micronezmia, and proceeds to change it forthwith, describing a new spe-
cies under the name so altered. The Greek word /AO.K/DOS, in its essential
and fundamental meaning, conveys the idea of linear extension, either
in space or time, and not of expansion in all directions like /^eyas. In
the Latin it becomes wacer, and in English emaciated. In naming the
genus Macroncemia, I intended to convey the meaning of extension,
that is : it is a slender and relatively elongate Ntzmia, without reference
to its size. In taking it for granted that Macron&mia must be'a mistake
and in substituting Microntzmia for it, Dr. Weise has merely increased
the burden of synonymy, for Microneemia Weise, must be a synonym of
Macroncemiq Csy. By the soundest rules it could not have been altered
anyway, even though erroneous or a misprint. THOS. L. CASEY.

ON THE BIOLOGIES OF THE RHYNCHOPHORA OF NORTH AMERICA. BY
W. DVVIGHT PIERCE. studies from the Zoological Laboratory of
the University of Nebraska. Pp. 249-320, No. 78.

Notes and. Ne\vs.

ENTOMOLOGICAL GLEANINGS FROM ALL QUARTERS
OP THE GLOBE.

EVE hung her wash out to dry and a caterpillar ate it.

Going to the dogs, at any rate, is no indication of degeneracy among
fleas.

CHANGE OF ADDRESS. W. E. Hinds, Professor of Entomology and
Entomologist to the Experiment Station, Alabama Polytechnic Institute,
from Dallas, Texas, to Auburn, Alabama.

MR. HENRY L. VIERECK, of Philadelphia, has been appointed Chief
Clerk of the Division of Economic Zoology of the Department of Agri-
culture of the State of Pennsylvania at Harrisburg.

4 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., '08

A REQUEST for information has been sent to the U. S. Department
of Agriculture for an expert opinion as to whether it is possible for
entomologists to contract osteoporosis. It is feared that the disease
has affected some individuals.

"Now, children," said the teacher, "see who can make up a 'story'
containing the words 'boys,' 'bees' and 'bears.' " The freckled boy's hand
was up at once. "Well, Michael." And Michael responded : "Boys bees
bare whin they goes in swimmin'."

THE undersigned will be glad to determine Oryssidae, Siricidre, Cephi-
dse and Evaniidae (except Gasteruptionidse) from North America or
other countries, aud will especially welcome and give credit for records
of capture and distributional data in these families. J. CHESTER BRAD-
LEY, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

PREOCCUPIED NAMES OF PAN-AMERICAN ANDRENA (HYMENOPTERA).
Andrena (Parandrena) andrenoides var bicolor Rob. not bicolor Fabr.
=A. (P.) a. var. clarigastra n. n.

Andrena salicis Rob. not Verhoff = bisalicis n. n.

Andrena delta Vier. not Kby. =didetta n. n.

Andrena indotata Vier. not Andrena ( Trachandrena} indotata Vier =
perindotata n. n. H. L. VIERECK.

PROFESSOR KOCH has ascertained that there is a distinct connection
between crocodiles and sleeping sickness caused by trypanosomge.
Wherever crocodiles are found the disease may be discovered, but only
in places near the banks. The blood of crocodiles forms the chief
nourishment of the Glossina palpalis, which sucks the blood between
the plates of the animaFs hide. The extermination of the Glossina
is impossible, but the same end may be reached by destroying the
crocodiles or by the removal of the bushes and undergrowth where
the animals lurk.

AN ADDITION TO THE NEW JERSEY LIST OF BUTTERFLIES.
In July, 1900, while at Brookville, Ocean Co., N. J , I captured two (tf)
Pamphilas that were new to me, and on the 3oth of July another was
taken at Lakehurst. The females in this species show much variation in
regard to the proportion of fuscus and tawny color on the upper side.
These butterflies have been shown to Dr. Skinner, who has derermined
them as Pamphila arogos Bd. and Lee., and considers the capture of
this insect in New Jersey of much interest, for heretofore it has been con-
sidered a southern and southwestern species. He adds that it only goes
to prove the saying that " one can find any species in New Jersey."

I may also mention that Pamphila aaroni Skinner was not uncommon
this past Summer at Tuckerton, N. J., and I discovered a number skip-
ping about on the flowers growing in that always interesting zone where
the upland meets the salt meadow. WM. T. DAVIS.

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 43

TERIAS MEXICANA BDV. IN NORTHERN COLORADO. While mounting
some Lepidoptera collected by Mr. G. M. Kite and myself in the north-
ern part of Boulder County, Colorado, I came across three specimens of
Terias mexicana Bdv. They were collected by Mr. Hite in Copeland
Park, on the North St. Vrain Creek, September 6, 1907. Copeland Park
is in the lower part of the Hudsonian Life Zone, and has the altitude of
about 10,300 feet.

The specimens agree in every detail with the figure of this species in
Wright's Butterflies of the West Coast, except that the secondaries in
one specimen are a trifle yellower. They are all males. The wings are
somewhat broken on the outer margin as if they had flown a long
distance.

Mr. W. G. Wright (Butterflies of the West Coast) says that, as far as he
knows, T. mexicana has been found no place north of the Mexican bor-
der except in Arizona. Dr. Holland (Butterfly Book) says it is common
in Arizona and very abundant in Mexico. Dr. H. G. Dyar (Bui. 52, U.
S. Nat. Mus.), gives it from the Mississippi Valley and Mexico. Dr.
Skinner (Cat. N. Am. Rhopalocera)* gives it from Mexico, and Missis-
sippi and Colorado occasionally. Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell says it is
somewhat common in New Mexico and that he has seen it at high alti-
tudes. These localities have been given for New Mexico, Water Canon
(Snow), Mesilla Valley (Ckll.), La Cueva (Townsend), Pecos (Ckll.),
and top of Las Vegas Range, 11,000 feet. (Ckll. Psyche, Nov., 1901,
p. 272). Prof. D. T. A. Cockerell made this note in the Univ. of Colo.
Card Catalogue: "Terias mexicana Bdv. (1836). This is not in Gil-
lette's Colo, list, but I saw a light yellow Terias in Boulder Canon, 7,340
feet, September 22, 1907. It could not have been anything else." From
these two records from Boulder Co., in 1907, we may assume that a
goodly number of this species migrated northward along the eastern
foothill region of the Rocky Mts., or that they have come westward from
the Mississippi Valley. To me the first seem more probable. At any
rate the finding of this Sonoran butterfly in boreal, northern Colorado is
a matter of no little interest. S. A. ROHMER, Boulder, Colo.

THECLA LOKI, SKINNER. This new species was discovered by me and
a party of enthusiastic collectors July 5th, 1906, on the road between
Jacumba and Mountain Springs, about 80 miles east of San Diego.
The country about is practically a desert. The vegetation is composed
of the common greasewood and cactus, with a little bunch of grass
scattered about. There is also quite a growth of Juniper on the hills,
and it is here that loki is to be found. He is a shy bird and keeps well
to the tops of the bushes; he is swift of flight, too. and owing to the
similarity of his color to that of the Juniper, cnnvspcmdingly hard to
take. At the time we were there it was probably late, as we only

* Supplement No. i, gives Louisiana, Mo.; Sioux Co., Neb.; NV\v Yurie. Also St.
Louis, Mo. (McElhose and Sclnvarz).

44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., '08

succeeded in taking one perfect specimen, which I was selfish enough
to keep for my own collection. Although it seemed to be quite plenti-
ful in this locality, I am of the opinion that it is a Mexican butterfly, and
that we took it on the extreme northern edge of its range ; at least
it was not to lie taken this year in a region of the same character
in every respect, and but a few miles north of the type locality, nor
has it ever been seen anywhere else on the edge of the desert. The altitude
at Jucumba is about 3,200 feet, and the locality where loki was taken
is but little over a mile from the Mexican boundary. W. S. WRIGHT,
San Diego, Cal.

Mr. Wright says, "I am not so sure that I like the name you gave
it, but shall not presume to criticise. It was my intention to ask you
to name it after the locality in which it was found, but it matters
little so long as it has a name." I don't fancy the name very much,
but I am under the impression that it is difficult to get names.
Linnaeus certainly had an easy time of it in respect to names and some
people (see Proc. Brooklyn Ent. Soc.) seem to think that any names
that fall short of the Linnaean standard should not be used. Oh, for
some one who loves to be of use to others and who will supply ap-
propriate names ! Let us have about a thousand published in the
NEWS pro bono publico. Happiness, by universal consent, seems to
consist in doing good to others, so here is an opportunity. Loki was
the god of strife and spirit of evil, who contrived the death of Balder.
Afterwards he was chained, and will continue so till the twilight of
the gods. The locality I had was Mountain Springs. HENRY SKINNER.

AN OLD RECORD OF OBSERVATIONS ON THE HABITS OF Anabrus. In
December, 1904,* Prof. Gillette published an article on the mating
habits of Anabrus simplex, in which he described a peculiar sac-like
object which is ejected by the male at the time of copulation and car-
ried about for some time by the female. A year later Mr. Snodgrass
makes the same observation on Peranabrus scabricoltis, a related
species. f The ejection of this sac-like object, called "sperm-sac" by
Gillette, is not confined to the Decticinae as I have seen a similar ob-
ject carried by Scudderia.

It has been supposed that these observations were new, Gillette
thanking Mr. Marlatt for having had a thorough search made in the
library of the Bureau of Entomology for such references and stating that
Mr. Banks, the librarian, found nothing upon the subject. Such obser-
vations had, however, been made and published almost half a century
before.

In an article entitled " Exploration in Upper California in 1860, under
the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution," published in the report of
the Smithsonian Institution for 1864, Capt. John Feilner writes of what lie

*Ent. News, vol. XV, p. 321-324, pi. XIX (1904).

t Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. XIII, p. 74-82, pi. i-n (1905).

Jan., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 45

calls the grasshopper, but which is very certainly Auabrus simplex.
He says: "These insects were first seen by me in Pitt river valley
during the Summer of 1859, a d in such numbers as actually to cover
the ground.

The insect deposits the eggs by making perpendicular and oblique
holes in the ground, to the depth of an inch, by means of its tail, which
is shaped like a bayonet, and is hollow. The eggs are passed from the
ovary into this tail and are dropped one by one into the holes.
It appears to have no particular food, but feeds upon all kinds of vege-
tation ; it will eat the dead and crippled of its own kind, but I have
never observed them destroy one another. Immediately be-

fore uniting sexually, the insect without the tail (which I presume to be
the male), utters a shrill whistling sound, as if to call his mate. The
sexual act lasts about one or two minutes, and the peculiarity I observed
at this union was, that the one I presume to be the female was over
the male, instead of the reverse. After the act a small bag evidently
the ovary is attached to the body of the female close to the tail ; this is
extracted from the other without the tail ; after a while the bag disap-
pears. * * * "

These observations of Capt. Feilner, who was killed by the Indians
soon after making them, agree quite exactly with those of recent writers.
A. N. CAUDELL.

LIST OF ODONATA TAKEN BY DR. HENRY SKINNER, IN CARR CAN-
YON, HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS, ARIZONA. Ten species as follows :

1. Argia sp.

2. Argia sp.

3. Ischnura demorsa Hagen. Taken in Arizona by Morrison, and at
Tucson by Kunze, in some abundance. Both records in Biol.-Cent. Am.

4. Erpetogomphus compositus Hagen. Previous Arizona records are
from Bright Angel (Schwarz & Barber), Phoenix (Kunze), Florence
(Biederman) and by Morrison.

5. Cordulegaster diadema Selys. The only previous record for U. S.
is Bright Angel, Ariz. (Schwarz & Barber). The species extends to
Cuernavaca and Orizaba in Mexico.

6. Oplonaeschna armata Hagen. The only previous U. S. records are
Reef (Biederman) and "Arizona" by Morrison. The species extends
south to Guatemala.

7. Pseudoleon superbus Hagen. First record for U. S. Abundant
and characteristic species for Mexico and Guatemala and Lower Cali-
fornia.

8. Pallothemis lineatipes Karsch. Originally described from Brazil.
There are Morrison specimens from Arizona.

9 Pantala flavescens Fabr. The most cosmopolitan of all dragonflies.
10. Sytnpetrum con-upturn Hagen. A common species throughout
western U. S. and Mexico. BY P. P. CALVERT.

46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Jan., '08

Doings of Societies.

At the meeting of the Feldman Collecting Social, held on
November 2Oth, 1907, at the residence of Mr. H. W. Wenzel,
1523 S. Thirteenth Street, Philadelphia, there were ten mem-
bers present, and Mr. John A. Grossbeck, visitor.

Professor Smith spoke about Cule.v pcrturbans and its
habits. This is a species which for three or four years last
past has been hunted by all those interested in mosquito work ;
but not until this year were the habits of the larva ascertained.
The first stages of the larva had become known from eggs
obtained from gravid females ; but what became of them after
they got out of the eggs nobody knew.

Briefly stated, the eggs are laid in a raft on the surface of
the water in densely overgrown swamps, illustrations of which
were shown. The young larvae hatching from these eggs at
once make their way through the water to the mud surface
and through the mud surface among the root mass below.
Among these roots, anywhere from 2 to 4 inches below the
bottom, the larvae attach themselves by their anal tube and
remain concealed from all ordinary natural enemies and in
territory where no other mosquito larvae can breed. The air
supply seems to be obtained chiefly through the vascular system
of the plants which is very loose and open.

Mr. Grossbeck, in supplement, explained how he had found
the breeding places by hunting egg boats, of which he finally
found large numbers, at Lahaway, in Ocean County, and at
Trenton, in Mercer County. He further described the par-
ticular character of the plants among which the larvae are found
and told how he collected them by forcing the net below the
grass tussocks and, by disturbing the larvae attached to the
roots, got them into the free water, where he could get them
with the net.

Mr. Kaeber exhibited several species of Coleoptera and
Lepidoptera, which he collected in Arizona in the past sum-
mer, which showed remarkable mimicry, and stated that the
beetles and moths were taken at the same places and time, and
in some cases were beaten from the same trees.

FRANK HAIMBACH, Secretary.

FEBRUARY, 1908.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Vol. XIX.

No. 2.

Halter americana Cockerell.

EDITOR :

HENRY SKINNER, M. D.
PHILIP P. CALVE RT, Ph.D., Associate Editor.

EZRA T. CRKSSON.
PHILIP LAURKNT.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE:

HENRY L. VIKRKCK.
WILLIAM J. FOX.

J. A. G. REHN.
H. W. WENZKL.

PHILADELPHIA:

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Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as Second-Clast Matter.

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FEBRURAY CLEARANCE SALE.

Owing to an overstock of Japanese Moths, the following named specimens are offered during
the month of February at prices quoted below. They are in papers, and in perfect condition.

There are a number of specimens in the stock that are slightly damaged antennae broken or
slightly rubbed which will be disposed of at 10 cents each.

Send 12 cents additional with each order for
packing and postage

Caligula japonica . ... 20 cents
Anthereae yama-mai .... 20

Brahmaea japonica 40 cents

Actias artemis 50

Khodia fugax 25

OH specimens of Japanese Coleoptera <T| flfl
"** in papers, in fair condition M*' "*'

JOHN H. MATTHEWS, 3219 N. 13th Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

ARIZONA INSECTS.

Will collect in most orders or families or season's catch. Also in botany,
especially cactii and herpetology reptiles and amphibians if notified early in
the season. Agent for sale of Coleoptera, Mr. L. H. Joutel, 164 E. nyth St.,
New York City.

DR. R. E. KUNZE, Phoenix, Arizona.
CATALOGUE OF THE

NEUROPTEHOID INSECTS

(EXCEPT ODONATA)

OF THE UNITED STATES
BY NATHAN BANKS

Complete to Summer of 1907 Price 50 cts. (net) per copy Mailed on receipt of price

E. T. CRESSON, Treasurer,

P. O. Box 248, Philadelphia, Pa.

When Writing Please Mention "Entomological News."

ENT. NEWS, VOL. XIX.

PI. V.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

AND

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA.

Voi,. XIX. FEBRUARY, 1908. No. 2.

CONTENTS:

Ely Notes on C. dejecta Strecker, and
other species of Catocala from East
River, Conn 47

Sherman The Panorpidae (Scorpion-
flies) of North Carolina, with notes
on the species 50

Beutenmueller Description of a new
Catocala 54

Fen yes A Preliminary Systematic Ar-
rangement of the Aleocharinae
(Coleoptera) of the United States
and Canada 56

\Vriarht and Coolidge Notes on the
Coleoptera of Placer Co. , Calif 66

Wolcott The North American species
of Chariessa ....................... 70

Coolidge The North American spe-

cies of the genus Erebia

Girault Oviposition of Bibio albipen-
n is Say ............................ 76

Biederman A new Anisota from Ari-
zona (Lepidoptera, Heterocera,
Ceratocampidae ) .................. 77

Editorial ............................... 78

Notes and News ................... ... 79

Doings of Societies ............. ....... 84

Notes on C. dejecta Strecker, and Other Species of
Catocala from East River, Conn.

BY CHAS. R. ELY, Washington, D. C.

(Plate V)

In the original description of C. dejecta Strecker,* this species
is said to have no basal dash on the primaries. Hulst also, in
his monograph on the genus Catocala, makes the absence of the
basal dash one of the important characteristics separating this
species from others closely allied to it.

During July and August, 1907, the writer collected thirty-
one specimens of a species of Catocala having black secondaries.
Of these, eighteen males were unmistakably C. dejecta, but the
remaining thirteen, females, differed from the published de-
scriptions of this species in having in every case a decided
basal dash. During the period mentioned the only other black-
winged forms of Catocala captured were epione and tristis. It
is therefore evident that the thirteen females of the above series
were of the same species as the males that is, C. dejecta and
that therefore the literature relating to this species is incom-
plete in that the male only has heretofore been described, and

* Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., ii, 97, iSSo ; Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., vii, 32, 1884.

47

48 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., '08

that it is inaccurate in that the said description would exclude
the female. The absence of a basal dash is, in this case at
least, not a specific but a sexual characteristic.

In addition to the above facts it may also be stated that two
females of C. dejecta were taken in the same locality in 1906,
which have in each case a basal dash, and that a letter from
Mr. Wm. Beutenmuller informs me that the only female of
C. dejecta in the collection of the Am. Museum of Nat. Hist,
also has a basal dash.

The males, in the series referred to, vary in expanse from
70 to 78 mm., with an average of 73.4 mm., with the excep-
tion of one individual which measures only 59 mm. The
females vary from 66 to 79 mm. in expanse, with an average
of 72.2 mm.

There is considerable variation shown by both males and
females of this species. Some of the males agree quite closely
with the descriptions of Strecker and of Hulst. In a number
of instances there is, however, a faint indication of a tendency
toward the formation of a basal dash, and in many cases there
is also a slight apical shading. This apical shading Strecker
states to have been absent in the three specimens which he had
before him. The females are much more heavily marked with
black, as a rule, than is the case with the males, and the apical
shading is in many cases quite pronounced.

The most distinctive characteristic in both sexes is the very
striking whitish area on the costal portion of the primaries
just before the reniform. This area, which is much whiter
than any other portion of the wing, extends from the t. a. line
to the reniform, and is bounded below by a horizontal black
shading, extending from the t. a. line to the point where the
reniform and subreniforni meet. This whitish patch is very
conspicuous because of its contrasting black border and, to-
gether with the very dark reniform, affords an easy means of
distinguishing this species from others somewhat resembling
it in appearance.

The above locality yielded also a noteworthy variation of
C. gracilis Edwards, of the form showing but little suffusion
of the primaries, in which the median band of the secondaries

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 49

is linear and does not reach the costal margin, on the upper
side of the wing. On the under side this linear band shows
even more tendency to become obsolete. It is here broken at
one point and but faintly indicated at another.

Another variation from the same locality is a form which
appears to be intermediate between unijuga and meskei. It
resembles the latter in size and in having the median band of
the secondaries end before reaching the anal margin. The
coloring of the primaries is, on the other hand, exactly the
same as in unijuga.

The complete list of species of Catocala taken at East River,
Conn., during 1906 and 1907, is as follows:

i epione Drury.
vidua Smith and Abbot.
dejecta Strecker.
retecta Grote.
flebilis Grote.
robinsonii Grote.
obscura Strecker.
residua Grote.
tristis Edwards.

relicta Walker (bianca Hy. Edwards),
var. phrynia Hy. Edwards.

" clara Beutenmiiller.
cara Guene'e.
amatrix Htibner (=nurus Walker).

var. selecta Walker.
marmorata Edwards.
concumbens Walker.
unijuga Walker.
briseis Edwards.
parta Guene'e.
coccinata Grote.
ultronia Hu'bner.

var. mopsa Hy. Edwards.

" adriana Hy. Edwards.
ilia Cramer.

var. conspicua Worthington (=uxor Guene'e).
piatrix Grote.
neogama Smith and Abbot.
subnata Grote.
cerogama GueneV

5O ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., 'oS

paleogama Guene"e.

var. annida Fager.
" " phalanga Grote.

antinympha Hiibner.
badia Grote and Robinson.
habilis Grote.
basalts Grote.
pretiosa Lintner.

aniasia Smith and Abbot {=sancta Hulst.
cordelia Hy. Edwards.
shnilis Edwards.
fratercula Grote and Robinson.
micronympha Guen^e.
prceclara Grote and Robinson.
grynea Cramer.
gtacilis Edwards.

var. sordida Grote.

" (linear band on secondaries).
arnica Hiibner (=lineella Grote).

var. androphila Guene"e.

" suffusa Beutenmiiller.
nubilis Hiibner.

The Panorpidae (Scorpion-flies) of North Carolina,
with Notes on the Species.

BY FRANKLIN SHERMAN, JR.

Entomologist, State Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, N. C.

This group of Neuropteroid insects has received very little
attention from entomologists, mainly due, no doubt, to the
fact that they do not make themselves conspicuous and are of
relatively little economic importance. The number of species
to be found in any one locality seems to be small, though not
so small as the ordinary collector might at first suppose. At
Raleigh we have seven species recorded, while Mr. Manee has
thus far located four at Southern Pines. Our complete list
for the entire State includes fifteen species.

Our limited records to present indicate that the species are,
at least in the majority of cases, single-brooded, a given species
occurring only at a certain season for one, two, or three con-
secutive months. The exceptions to this are Panorpa ruficens,

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 51

P. venosa, and P. virgin-lea, the data for which species indicate
a possibility that they may be regularly or partially two-
brooded.

The identifications are mainly on authority of Mr. Nathan
Banks, to whom thanks are due. While the author has per-
sonally collected most of the species listed, a number of records
have been obtained from other collectors, as shown in the text.
The letters E, C, W, E-C, etc., are used to denote the geo-
graphical situation of localities, as east, west, central, east-
central, etc. As a rule the more southern forms of life are
found in the east and southeast parts of our State, while the
more strictly northern forms are found in the west and north-
west parts. Specimens are in collections of the Department
of Agriculture at Raleigh, or in the collection of Mr. Banks,
or collections of the other persons mentioned:

1. Bittacus occidentis Walk.

A fall species taken at Raleigh (E-C) by C. S. Brimley and
G. M. Bentley. Mr. Brimley has taken it at lights. Early
in September to middle of October.

2. Bittacus pilocornis Westw.

A spring and early-summer species taken both east and west,
but not yet at Raleigh, Havelock (E), early in May, R. S.
Woglum. Black Mountains (W), June, Wm. Beutenmiiller.

3. Bittacus punctiger Westw.

Raleigh (E-C), early in June, R. S. Woglum. Havelock
(E), late in May, 1907, F. Sherman. An early-season species.

4 Panorpa americana Rambur.

A late-season species, collected as yet at only two localities,
but no doubt more widely distributed. Raleigh (E-C), middle
of September to late in October; taken by Sherman, Bentley,
and Brimley. Southern Pines (S-E-C), September and Octo-
ber, by A. H. Manee.

5. Panorpa carolinensis Banks.

Taken in Black Mountains (W), by Wm. Beutenmiiller, in
June.

52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., 'o8

6. Panorpa confusa Hagen.

A late spring and summer species, not yet taken in eastern
section. Raleigh (E-C), mid and late Ma}', by Brimley.
Highlands (S-W), early in July, Sherman. Blowing Rock
(N-W), late in June and August, Sherman.

7. Panorpa lugubrfs Swed.

This is an exceptional species. While its general appear-
ance and structure mark it at once as a Panorpid, its color and
habits are very unlike the other members of the family observed
in the State. The wings, instead of being hyaline or yellow-
ish, marked with black or brown, as is usual in the group, are
glossy black, marked with white. The abdomen is red, and
this combination of red and black colors, combined with the
snout and the pinchers at the tip of the abdomen of the male,
gives the insect a truly satanic aspect ; yet, when examined
without prejudice, it is a handsome species. While most
Panorpids are /ound in low grounds, where there is a rank
undergrowth, this one is found in grassy fields and pastures,
especially the higher and drier portions. When persistently
pursued it drops in the grass and feigns death or, at least,
remains concealed. I have seen several specimens surround-
ing and feasting upon a dead grasshopper in a path. It is a
fall species, apparently common ever}^ year, but more abun-
dant in some years than others. Taken at Raleigh (E-C),
from early in September to early in November, by Sherman,
Brimley, and Bentley. Southern Pines (S-E-C), early in Oc-
tober to early in November, by Manee. Faison (E), middle
of October, Sherman.

8. Panorpa maculosa Hagen.

A delicate species, thus far taken only in summer, in the
mountains. Hendersonville (W), June, Sherman. Highlands
(S-W), early in July, Sherman. Blowing Rock (N-W), late
in July and August, Bentley and Sherman.

9. Panorpa nebulosa Westw.

A late-spring and early-summer species, which our records
indicate to be of general distribution in the State. Havelock
(E), early in May, Woglum. Raleigh (E-C), early in June,

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 53

Woglum. Hot Springs (W), Mrs. Slosson. Lake Toxaway
(W), Mrs. Slosson. Highlands (S-W), early in June and
July, Sherman. Not yet taken by Mr. Manee at Southern
Pines.

10. Panorpa rufa Say.

I have been informed by Mr. Banks that the type specimen
of this fine species is in a museum in England. It was taken
in Georgia and, as the species had never again been recorded,
was suspected of being a synonym or variation of some of the
other better-known species. On December 25, 1902 (Xmas-
day), which was a warm, bright winter day, I took a specimen
at Wilmington, in the southeastern part of our State, near the
coast, where the more typically southern forms of life are to
be expected. Several years later Mr. A. H. Manee took it at
Southern Pines (S-E-C) and, learning that it was a rarity, he
has since noticed more closely and finds it common in its sea-
son, which runs from the middle of October to the middle of
November. Mr. Manee has sold a number of specimens to
public institutions and private collectors ; so that the status of
the species is now fully established.

n. Panorpa ruficens Rambur.

Our records indicate that this species occurs throughout the
State, though not yet taken at Southern Pines by Mr. Manee,
nor at Raleigh. The fact that we have it recorded in the
months of April, May, June, and September, but not in July
or August, indicates that it may be two-brooded. Wallace
(S-E), mid and late April, Sherman. Havelock (E), early,
mid, and late May, Brimley and Sherman. Wilkesboro (N-W),
middle of September, Sherman. Hendersonville (W), June,
Sherman.

12. Panorpa signifer Banks.

This species has been taken only in one western locality
in our State, in midsummer. It is doubtless more or less dis-
tributed through our mountain region at least. Blowing
Rock (N-W), August, Woglum and Sherman (two different
years).

54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., 'oS

13. Panorpa venosa Westw.

This species may also be two-brooded. Raleigh (E-C),
middle of September to middle of October, Brimley. Southern
Pines (S-E-C), June, Manee.

14. Panorpa virginica Banks.

Until I sent Mr. Banks a series of this species from our
western (mountain) section, he had seen it only from the
vicinity of Washington, D. C. My records include four rather
widely different mountain localities. The records indicate the
possibility of two broods. Hendersonville (W), June, Sher-
man. Highlands (S-W), early in September, Woglum and
Sherman. Boone (N-W), August, Sherman. Blowing Rock
(N-W), August, Sherman.

15. Panorpodes carolinensis Banks.

Black Mountains (W), May 2oth, Beutenmiiller.

Description of a New Catocala.

BY WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER.

Gatocala mamtoba sp. nov.

Male and Female. Head and thorax dull olive or ashen gray, with an
olivaceous tint. Collar edged with brown posteriorly. Fore wings rather
broad, olive gray or purplish brown, with an olivaceous tint. Trans-
verse anterior line black, distinct, with a rather strong outward curve
from the costa to a little above the inner margin, and preceded by a
slight brown shade. Basal dash black, scarcely extending to the middle
of the basal area, sometimes absent. Basal line black, dentate, and
extending to the basal dash. Transverse posterior line black, narrow
to the lower inflection, where it is broad. Tooth opposite the cell rather
long, followed by a very short tooth; thejice the line is almost even and
somewhat concave in its course to the lower inflection. Subterminal
line dentate, somewhat paler than the ground color, distinct, but not
very contrasting. Space between the posterior and subterminal lines
filled with dull reddish brown from a little below the costa to the inner
margin. Subapical shade very vague or absent. Reniform brown, disk
and outline pale. Subreniform rounded, resting on the reniforni; brown
and partly or wholly black-ringed. On the costa near the middle is a
black mark. Hind wings yellow. Median band black, somewhat angu-
late, irregular, and meeting a black basal shade at the inner margin.
Marginal band black and more or less broken before the anal angle,

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 55

where there is sometimes a detached spot. Fringes yellow, partly cut
with black. Expanse 35 to 44 mm.

Habitat. Cartwright, Manitoba, Canada, August to Sep-
tember (E. Firmstone Heath).

Types. Collections : American Museum of Natural His-
tory, Rutgers College, and George J. Keller.

Closely allied to C. pr<zdara. It may be readily known by
the dark-olive or purplish gray-brown fore wings, with an
olivaceous tint, and by the even brown space between the
transverse posterior and subterminal lines. In prczdara the
fore wings are lichen green, with a silky lustre. The tooth
opposite the cell in C. manitoba is long and followed by a very
short one, while in pr&clara there are two long, sharp teeth.
The hind wings of both species are similar in color and
markings.

C. manitoba was erroneously considered by me to be the
same as C. titania Dodge, and the note on the latter published
by Mr. E. Firmstone Heath (Can. Ent., Vol. XXXIX, 1907,
p. 376) belongs to C. manitoba. Recently I sent to Mr. G.
M. Dodge a specimen of C. manitoba to ascertain if it was the
same as his C. titania, and was informed that it is different.
Mr. Dodge kindly compared my manitoba with the single
existing type of C. titania in the collection of Mr. O. C. Poling.
The remaining types of C. titania were destroyed by fire.

MR. E. T. CRESSON, JR., is working upon the dipterous family Ephy-
dridae and would like to examine all the material possible, native or
exotic. Present address, 141 Locksley Avenue, Oakland, Caiif.

AT a recent meeting of entomologists at St. Louis, Mo., an organiza-
tion was effected to be known as the " Heink Entomological Club," so
named by unanimous desire in honor of Mr. Chas. L. Heink, an enthu-
siastic collector and student and owner of one of the largest collections
of Lepidoptera in the city. A constitution and by-laws were adopted
and a fund created for the foundation of a circulating entomological
library. The following officers were elected: President, Chas. L. 1 lemk;
Vice President, Paul M. Schroers ; Recording Secretary, Aug. Knetzger;
Financial Secretary, A. C. Kelbly ; Trustee, Geo. Graf ; Sergt. at Arms,
Noel Poepping. Meetings to be held regularly once a month. AUG.
KNETZGER, Secretary.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

[Feb., '08

A Preliminary Systematic Arrangement of the Aleo-

charinae (Coleoptera) of the United

States and Canada.

BY A. FKNYES.

The following list is offered as an attempt to classify the
Aleocharinae of America north of Mexico. The second edi-
tion of the Catalogus Coleopt. Eur. Cauc. et Arm. Rossic.,
has been used as a guide in arranging the genera common to
both faunas, while the genera not occurring in the palaearctic
region have been intercalated where they seemed to belong.
Most of the genera created in Major Casey's " Observations on
the Staphyl. groups Aleoch., etc.," St. L/ouis, 1906, have been
omitted and their species transferred to the allied genera.

Nearly all the species described by Major Casey in his va-
rious papers on Aleocharinae have been enumerated, although
undoubtedly a considerable number of them will prove to be
synonyms. Many of these species are described from unique
specimens and are probably only individual variations.

Only published genera and species are enumerated below.
It is hoped that a corrected list may be printed from time to
time. The list is necessarily imperfect, therefore corrections
or additions will be appreciated by the compiler.

GYRONYCHA.

DINOPSIS.

1. americana Kr.

2. inyllaenoid.es Kr.

GYMNUSA.

3. brevicollis Payk.

4. variegata Kiesw.

MYLLAENA.

5. dubia Gravh.

6. intermedia Er.

7. minuta Gravh.

8. infuscata Kr.

9. fenyesi Brnh.

10. vulpina Brnh.

BAMONA.

11. carolinae Csy.

12. falliana Csy.

13. tenuissima Csy.

14. valens Csy.

15. texana Csy.

16. obscura Csy.

17. fusciceps Csy.

18. lineata Csy.

19. aitenuata Csy.

20. pertenuis Csy.

21. fenyesi Brnh.

OLIGOTA.

22. apicata Er.

23. parva Kr.

24. pusillima Gravh.

25. picini/io Kiesw.

26. clavigerCsy.

27. nugator Csy.

28. oviformis Csy.

Feb., '08]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

57

GYROPHAENA.

29. affinis Sahib.

30. bihamata Thorns.

31. fasciata Marsh.

32. vitrina Csy.

33. flavicornis Melsh.

34. uteana Csy.

35. gaudens Csy.

36. iHonticola Csy.

37. pacifica Csy.

38. /0a/a Csy.

39. involuta Csy.

40. antennalis Csy.

41. insole ns Csy.

42. fuscicollis Csy.

43. modesta Csy.

44. gilvicollis Csy.

45. laurana Csy.

46. coniciventris Csy.

47. genitiva Csy.

48. sculplipennis Csy.

49. subpunctata Csy.

50. lacustris Csy.

5o. var. inconspicua Csy.

51. laetula Csy.

52. rhodeana Csy.

53. fustifer Csy.

54. centralis Csy.

55. perpolita Csy.

56. tenebrosa Csy.

57. subnitens Csy.

58. compacta Csy.

59. obesula Csy.

60. micans Csy.

61. egena Csy.

62. exilis Csy.

63. strict ula Er.

64. californica Csy.

65. geniculata Makl.

66. corruscula Er.

67. humeralis Csy.

68. texanella Csy.

69. .?<?' Er.

70. melania Csy.

71. pal/idula Csy.

72. pinalica Csy.

73. minutissima Csy.

74. atoma Csy.

75. vinula Er.

76. ocularis Csy.

77. angularis Csy.

78. floridana Csy.

79. dissimilis Er.

80. peninsularis Csy.
8r. flavicincta Jek.

82. rz^/a Melsh.

PLACUSA.

83. complanata Er.

84. atrata Sahib.

85. tachyporoides Waltl.

86. angustula Csy.

87. despecta Er.

88. tacomae Csy.

APHELOGLOSSA.

89. rufipennis Csy.

DIESTOTA.

90. funebris Shp.

THECTURA

91. cuspidata Er.

92. americana Csy.

THECTUROTA.

93. tenuissima Csy.

94. capita Csy.

95. demissa Csy.

96. exigua Csy.

OLIGDROTA.

97. pusio Csy.

HOMALOTA.

98. plana Gyllh.

SILUSA.

99. alternans Sachse.

100. gracilis Sachse.

101. californica Brnh.

102. collaris Csy.

103. cribratula Csy.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

[Feb., '08

104. decolorata Csy.

105. nanula Csy.

106. pasadenae Csy.

107. ptisio Csy.

108. valens Csy.

109. vesperis Csy.

PHYTOSUS.

no. fletcheri Csy.
nr. littoralis Horn.

BRYOBIOTA.

112. bicolor Csy.

THINUSA.

113. maritima Csy.

114. obscura Csy.

BRYOTHINUSA.

1 15. calalinae Csy.

LIPAROCEPHALUS.

116. brevipennis Makl.

117. cordicollis Lee.

DIAULOTA.

118. densissima Csy.

119. insolita Csy.

AMBLOPUSA

1 20. borealis Csy.
1 2 r . brevipes Csy.

ASTHENESITA.

122. pallens Csy.

LEPTUSA.

123. haemorrhoidalis Heer.

124. ainericana Brnh.

125. atrocephala Brnh.

126. brevicollis Csy.

127. canonica Csy.

128. caseyi Feny.

129. opaca Csy.

130. seminitens Csy.

131. semirufa Csy.

PHILOTERMES.

132. fuchsi Kr.

J 33- pennsylvanicus Kr.

134. pilosus Kr.

EURYUSA.

135. obtusa Lee.

BOLITOCHARA.

136. notata Makl.

137. densicollis Csy.

138. californica Csy.
X 39- punctivenlris Csy.

140. aspera Csy.

141. nigripennis Csy.

142. obsolescent Csy.

143. arcunta Csy.

144. &a&eriCsy.

145. collaris Csy.

146. laxicornis Csy.

147. ni'grina Csy.

148. brevicornis Csy.

149. minor Csy.

150. marginella Csy.

151. nanella Csy.

152. picta Csy.

153. laetula Csy.

154. suturalis Csy.

155. tristigma Csy.

156. texana Csy.

157. trimaculata Er.

EUVIRA.

158. debilis Shp.

AUTALIA.

159. puncticollis Shp.

160. elegans Csy.

FALAGRIA.

161. longipes Woll.

162. obscura Grvh.

163. dissecta Er.

164. iowana Csy.

165. ithacana Csy.

166. subsimilis Csy.

167. texana Csy.

Feb., '08]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

59

168. angulata Csy.

169. caviceps Csy.

170. pinalica Csy.

171. arizonica Csy.

172. fontinalis Csy.

173. acomana Csy.

174. cingulata Lee.

175. tenuicornis Csy.

176. gracilis Csy.

177. parva Csy.

178. bi/imbata Csy.

179. perexilis Csy.

1 80. hudsonica Csy.

181. laeviuscula Lee.

182. fissilis Csy.

183. impressifrons Csy.

184. robusta Csy.

185. mimiscula Csy.

1 86. longicollis Csy.

187. occidua Csy.

188. /</ Csy.

189. asperula Csy.

190. picina Csy.

191. evanescens Csy.

192. col/arisCsy.

193. parvipennis Csy.

ANEUROTA.

194 sulcifrons Csy.

MERONERA

195. venustula Er.

196. inontana Csy.

197. obliqua Csy.

CHITALIA.

198. intricata Csy.

199. scutellaris Lee.

200. granulosa Csy.

201. illnstris Csy.

202. bilobata Say.

203. canadensis Csy.

204. nigrescens Csy.

205. pai'lila Lee.

206. floridana Csy.

BORBOROPORA.

207. quadriceps Lee.

MTRMECOPORA.

208. z/a^rt Lee.

TETRALLUS.

209. bicolor Brnh.

210. densepunctatus Brnh.
21 r. fenysi Brnh.

TACHYUSA.

212. objecta Muls. & Rey.

213. suiithi Csy.

214. gracillima Lee.

215. americana Csy.

216. carolinae Csy.

217. cavicollis Lee.

218. obsoleta Csy.

2 1 9. parviceps Csy.

220. subalutacea Csy.

221. missouriana Csy.

222. pruinosa Csy.

223. dakotana Csy.

224. illini Csy.

225. ornatella Csy.

226. ar;V/0 Csy.

227. faceta Csy.

228. vespertina Csy.

GNYPETA.

229. helenae Csy.

230. deserticola Csy.

231. putictulata Csy.

232. crebrepunctata Csy.

233. ventralis Csy.

234. floridana Csy.

235. bockiana Csy.

236. manitobae Csy.

237. brevicornis Csy.

238. nigrella Lee.

239. atrolucens Csy.

240. incrassata Csy.

241. leviventris Csy.

242. oregona Csy.

243. impressiceps Csv.

244. liiicitris Csy.

6o

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

[Feb., '08

245. experta Csy.

246. curtipennis Csy.

247. abducens Csy.

248. shastana Csy.

249. horfordi Csy.

250. baltifera Lee.

251. alutacea Csy.

252. laticeps Csy.

253. placidula Csy.

254. majuscula Csy.

255. sparse! fa Csy.

256. lucens Brnh.

257. elsinorica Csy.

258. transversa Csy.

259. laticollis Csy.

260. mollis Csy.

261. pintails Csy.

262. citrina Csy.

TRACHYOTA

263. cavipennis Lee.

264. lativentris Csy.

BRACHYTJSA.

265. raptoria Woll.

DAYA.

266. gigantula Lee.

ATHETA.

267. subti/iorBrnh.

268. ambigua Er.

269. cambrica Woll.

270. sulcifrons Steph.

271. insecfa Thorns.

272. melanocera Thorns.

273. elongatula Gravh.

274. a^z Bris.

275. geinina Er.

276. polaris Brnh.

277. angusticornis Brnh.

278. californica Brnh.

279. dichroa Gravh.

280. laevicollis Makl.

281. maritima Mannh.

282. proterminalis Brnh.

283. satanas Brnh.
248. fallaciosa Shp.

285. complana Mannh.

286. ainericana Brnh.

287. delicala Brnh.

288. pseudovilis Brnh.

289. sibirica Makl.

290. angustula Gyllh.

291. subdepressa Brnh.

292. arcana Er.

293. pa/ustris Kiesw.

294. nitens Makl.

295. nigropolita Brnh.

296. amicula Steph.

297. festinans Er.

298. flaveola Melsh.

299. fulgida Brnh.

300. globicollis Brnh.

301. holmbergiHrrih.

302. impressicollis Brnh.

303. luctifera Brnh.

304. pennsylvanica Brnh.

305. polita Melsh.

306. pratensis Makl.

307. divisa Makl.

308. coriaria Kr.

309. sodalis Er.

310. palhdicornis' f Yhoms.

311. nigritula Gravh.
3i2fl. v. virginica Brnh.

313. euryptera Steph.

314. aquatic a Thorns.

315. pertyi Heer.

316. castanoptera Mannh.

317. oraria Kr.

318. aspericauda Brnh.

319. bidenticulata Brnh.

320. crenulata Brnh.

321. crenuliventris Brnh.

322. fulgens Brnh.

323. fuscula Csy.

324. helenica Csy.

325. occidentalis Brnh.

326. planaris Makl.

327. truncativentris Brnh.

328. vasta Makl.

329. ventricosa Brnh.

330. dentata Brnh.

Feb., '08]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

6l

331. aemula Er.

332. gi anigera Kiesw.

333. abdominalis Brnh.

334. alutacea Csy.

335- graminicola Gravh.

336. picipennis Mannh.

337. sttbrugosa Kiesw.

338. uiarcida Er.

339. setigera Slip.

340. columbica Brnh.

341. cursor Makl.

342. /enygS2 Brnh.

343. moesta Makl.

344. recondita Er.

345. parvula Mannh.

346. canescens Shp.

347. sordidula Er.

348. celata Er.

349. zostertz Thorns.

350. baringiana Brnh.

351. sordida Marsh.

35 2 - pygmaea Gravh.

353- parva Sahib.

354. fungi Gravh.
354#. v. orbata Er.

354^. v. breviiiscula Makl.

355. clientula Er.

356. luteola Er.

357. modesta Melsh.

358. pasadeiuz Brnh.

359. ana/is Gravh.

360. cavifrons Thp.

361. filaria Fvl.

362. propera Say.

363. talpa Heer.

364. exilis Er.

365. arizonica Csy.

366. atriventris Csy.

367. borealis Csy.

368. brunncipes Csy.

369. comparalilis Makl.

370. exigua Say.

371. falsified Say.

372. geniculata Makl.
73. indentata Say.

3

374. insignis Csy.

375. Hi tor a Us Makl.

376. lucida Csy.

377. minima Say.

378. ornata Csy.

379. pallida Csy.

380. pallitarsis Khy.

381. parallel a Csy.

382. pedicular is Melsh.

383. quadripunctata Say.

384. semicarinata Say.

385. si lace a Er.

386. tahoensis Csy.

387. ventralis Csy.

388. vestigia Us Er.

389. wickhaini Csy.

PONTOMALOTA.

390. opaca Lee.

391. californica Csy.

392. nigriceps Csy.

ANEPSIOTA.

393. quadricollis Csy.

394. terminalis Csy.

TARPHIOTA.

395. fucicola Makl.

396. pallidipes Csy.

EURYPRONOTA.

397. disdreta Csy.

398. scapula Csy.

COLPOSURA.

399- praelonga Csy.

400. parviceps Csy.

401. angitsta Csy.

SIPALIA.

402. f ro falis Csy.

403. iinpressula Csy.

404. parvipennis Brnh.

405. sparsipunctata Brnh.

TOMOGLOSSA.

406. luteicornis Er.

62

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

[Feb., '08

CALIICERUS.

407. canadensis Csy.

408. piiberulus Csy.

409.

7H AMI ARAB A.

americana Brnh.

APTERONINA.

410. sckmittiVfasm.

ASTILBUS.

411. ca vicollis Csy .

TINOTUS.

412. caviceps Csy.

413. imbricatus Csy.

414. trisectus Csy.

HOPLANDRIA.

415. lateralis Mels.

416. pulchra Kr.

PLATANDRIA.

417. mormonica Csy.

TRICHIUSA.

418. laevis Csy.

419. polita Csy.

420. transversa Csy.

421. compacta Csy.

422. parviceps Csy.

423. setigera Csy.

424. monticola Csy.

425. convergens Csy.

426. hirsuta Csy.

427. pilosa Csy.

428. a/ra Csy.

429. postica Csy.

430. virginica Csy.

431. robustula Csy.

432. rigida Csy.

433. discreta Csy.

434. varicolor Csy.

435. parvicollis Csy.

ECITOPORA.

436. nitidiventris Brues.

437. tenella Wasm.

ECITONUSA.

438. schmitti Wasm.
439-

ECITONIDIA.

440. wheeler i Wasm.

DINOCORYNA.

441. bisinuata Csy.

MICRODONIA.

442. occipitalis Csy.

PLATYUSA.

443. sononue Csy.

ZYRAS.

444. angustulus Csy.

445. caliginosus Csy.

446. cretnastogastris Wasm.

447. fauveli Shp.

448. lautus Csy.

449. loricatus Csy.

450. lugubris Csy.

451. megalopsCsy.

452. obliquus Csy.
453- planifer Csy.

454. rudis Lee.

455. schmitti Kami It.

456. schwarzi Wasm.

457. seticornis Csy.

XENODUSA.

458. sharpi Wasm.

459. caseyi Wasm.

460. raz/a Lee.

4600. v. hirsuta Wasm.
460$. v. major Wasm.

461. montana Csy.

462. re flex a Walk.

463. angusta Fall.

PHLOEOPORA.

464. testacea Mannh.

465. corticalis Grvh.

466. ferruginea Csy.

467. oregona Csy.

468. sublaevis Csy.

Feb., '08]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

PACHYCEROTA.

469. duryi Csy.

BLEPHARRHYMENUS.

470.' validus Csy.

471. eximius Csy.

472. brevicornis Csy.

473. lacusfris Csy.

474. gracilis Csy.

475. brendeli Csy.

476. wonticola Csy.

477. lativentris Csy.

478. grandicollis Csy.

CHILOPORA.

479. americana Csy.

480. fuliginosa Csy.

ITYOCARA.

481. rubens Er.

PAROCALEA.

482. baicalica Epp.

NASIREMA.

483. httmilis Csy.

484. inquilina Csy.

485. parviceps Csy.

OCALEA.

486. franciscana Csy.

487. grandicollis Csy.
488 vancouveridsy.

OCYUSA.

489. asperula Csy.

490. brevipennis Brnh.

491. calif ornica Brnh.

DINARDILLA.

492. liometopi Wasm.

MYRMECOCHARA.

493. debilis Wasm.

494. crinita Csy.

495. pictipinnis Kr.

OXYPODA.

496. exigua Er.

497. irrasa Makl.

498. minuta Sachse.
499- sagulata.) Er.

500. frigida Brnh.

501. gatosensis Brnh.

502. opacicollis Brnh.

503. robusticornis Brnh.

504. subnitens Brnh.

505. tenera Brnh.

506. convergent Csy.

507. impressa Csy.

508. nubifer Csy.

509. saxatilis Csy.

510. glenorcz Csy.

511. nigriceps Csy.

512. lineata Csy.

513. hud sonic a Csy.

514. fustiger Csy.

515. calif ornica Csy.

516. tnimelica Csy.

517. arnica Csy.

518. sylvia Csy.
5rg. Incidula Csy.

520. stygica Csy.

521. renoica Csy.

522. iowensis Csy.

523. dnbia Feny.

524. simulans Csy.

525. trnncatella Csy.

526. virginica Csy.

527. obliqua Csy.

528. perexilis, Csy.

529. lacusfris Csy.

530. nevadensis Csy.

531. fusiforiuis Csy.

HYLOTA.

532. ochracea Csy.

DASYGLOSSA.

533. prospera Er.

534. fenyesi Brnh.

STICHOGLOSSA.

535. corticina Er.

6 4

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

[Feb. , '08

ISOGLOSSA.

536. arcuata Csy.

ACHROMOTA.

537- fusiformis Csy.

THIASSOPHILA.

538. angustiventris Csy.

539. asperata Csy.

540. laticollis Csy.

CRATARAEA.

541. sutiiralis Mannh.

TSRMITOGASTER.

542. texanus Brues.

DECUSA.

543. expansa Lee.

HOMOEUSA. .

544. acuminata Mark.

545. crinitula Csy.

MYRMOBIOTA.

546. crassicornis Csy.

EGITOXENIA.

547. brevipes Brues.

MASEOCHARA.

548. semivelutina Solsk.

549. decipiens Csy.

550. valida Lee.

551. californica Csy.

552. ponderosa Csy.

553. ruficauda Csy.

554. puberula Csy.

555. basalts Csy.

ALEOCHARA.

556. curlula Goese.
556. a v. lustrica Say.

557. crassicornis B. & L.

558. lata Grvh.
559- puberula Klg.

560. marion Grvh.

561. villosa Mannh.

562. fumata Grvh.

563. moerens Gyllh.

564. verna Say.

564^. v. languida Sachse.

565. bipustulata L.
565^. v. pauxilla M. & R.

566. speculicollis, Brnh.

567. gracilicornis Brnh.

568. densissima Brnh.
669. densiventris Brnh.

570. soror Brnh.

571. sparsicollis Brnh.

572. anthomyiae Spr.

573. maura Sachse.

574. rubripemris Pettit.

575. texana Csy.

576. fttsicornis Csy.

577. sternalis Csy.

578. algonquina Csy.

579. inedialis Csy.

580. tahoensis Csy.

581. kansana Csy.

582. pleuralis Csy.

583. ellipsicollis Csy.

584. americana Csy.

585. postpicta Csy.

586. montanica Csy.

587. thoracica Csy.

588. collusor Csy.

589. planiventris Csy.

590. bipartita Csy.

591. laramiensis Csy .

592. rubripennis Csy.

593. castaneipennis Mann.

594. robustula Csy.
595- glenorana Csy.

596. uvidula Csy.

597. rotundicollis Csy.

598. acomana Csy.

599. mannerheimi Csy.

600. insulana Csy.

60 1. defect a Csy.

602. afflnens Csy.

603. sculptiventris Csy.

604. iinbricata Csy.

605. idonea Csy.

606. salicola Csy.

607. densiventns Csy.

608. obsolescens Csy.

609. r<?<r/ Csy.

Feb., '08]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

610. bunaculata Grvh.

1 ii. notula Er.

612. nitidicollis Csy.
613 nanella Csy.

614. innocua Csy.

615. deserticola Csy.

6 1 6. minuta Csy.

617. suffusa Csy.

6 1 8. acuniinata Csy.

619. tibialis Csy.

620. sulcicollis Mann.

621. rngosa Csy.

622. debilicornis Csy.

623. cylindrella Csy.

624. maritima Csy.

625. pacifica Csy.

626. arenaria Csy

627. quadrifer Csy.

628. trilimbata Csy.

629. lucifnga Csy.

630. wickhami Csy.

631. nebnlosa Csy.

632. disjuncta Csy.

633. fenyesi Brnh.

I.

2.

3-
4-

5-
6.

7-
8.

9-

10.
1 1.

12.

r 3-

14.

15-

16.

17-
18.

19-

20.
21.
22.

23-
24.

25-
26.

BRUES, CHAS. T.

1 1 i <

CASEY. THOS. L. ,

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BERNHAUER MAX., Deutsch. Ent. Ztschr., 1905, 249.

Deutsch. Ent. Ztschr., 1906, 337.
Deutsch. Ent. Ztschr., 1907, 381.
Entom. News, 1904, 250.
Entom. News, 1902, 184.
Ann., N, Y., Ac. Sc., 1892, 711.
Ann., N. Y., Ac. Sc., 1893, 282.
Ann., N. Y., Ac. Sc., 1897, 548.
" Contrib. to the descr. and syst. Col. of

N. Am., 2 parts, 1884.
Bull. Cal. Ac. Sci., 1886, 202.
Bull. Cal. Ac. Sc., 1885, 285.
Trans. Ac. Sc., St. Louis, No. 6, 1906.
Canad. Ent., 1904, 312.
Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1900, 53.
FALL, H. C., Occas. Pap. Cal. Ac. Sc., VIII., 1901.
FENYES, A., Ent. News, 1907, 60.
MANNERHEIM, C. G., Bull. Nat. Ges. Mosc, 1843.

Bull. Soc. I. Nat. Mosc., 1853, No. 3.
Bull. Nat. Ges. Mosc., 1846.
SAY, TH., Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc., Phil., 1823.

" Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 1834 and 1836.
WASMANN, E., Deutsch. Ent. Ztschr., 1897, 273.
" Deutsch. Ent. Ztschr., 1897, 28 -
" Deutsch. Ent. Ztschr., 1899, 409.

Krit. Verz. d. myrmekoph. u. termitoph.

Arthrop., Berlin, 1894.
" Wien. Ent. Ztg., 1901, 145.

66 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., '08

Notes on the Coleoptera of Placer County, Calif.
BY JULIA D. E. WRIGHT AND KARL R. COOLIDGE.

The following species of Coleoptera were taken in the vicin-
ity of Towle, Dutch Flat, and Alta, small mining towns of
Bret Harte fame. In 1903 the former writer spent June, July,
August, and a part of September at Towle, and April and May
of 1907 were spent by the latter at Alta. Placer County is in
the foothills of the Sierra Nevadas, the elevation at Alta being
about 4000 feet. Pinus ponderosa and P. lambertiana are char-
acteristic trees of that region, and many species, particularly
in the Coccinellidce, were found on them. The blossoms of
of Anstostophylos and CeanotAuswere also rich in insect visitors.
Considerable collecting was done at Lake Alta, a small lake
below Alta, and around the banks Cicindelidae' were found
abundantly. There is a good hotel at Lake Alta, and we
would recommend this locality as an excellent entomological
one. The following list is far from complete, but, from time
to time, we hope to be able to add to it. We are much
indebted to Drs. Blaisdel and Van Dyke for many identifi-
cations :

CICINDELIDAE.
Omus californicus Esch. Fairly common in June.

" rugipennis. June.

sequoiarutn Cr. Rare; only one specimen in June.
Cicindela purpurea, var. graminea Schaupp. A single specimen.
lauta Casey. One specimen.
oregona Lee. Abundant. May to September.

Pterostichus ater Dej. Several taken in June.

tarsalis Lee. Not rare in June.

protractus Lee. Common.

californicus Dej. Found abundantly under stones and logs.

vicinus Mann. Several under stones.

inania. One in June.

lustrans Lee. June.
Amara sp.

Platynus subsericeus Lee. Abundant in July.
Anisodactylus consobrinus Lee. June to August.

pi ecus Men. One taken under stone.

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 67

DYTISCID^E.

Agabus lugens Lee. Rare.

SILPHID^:.

Necrophorus nigritus Mann. Two in July.

COCCINELLID/E.

Hippodamia convergens Guer. Very abundant on pine.
Coccinella polita Casey. A few on pine.
Mysia hornii Cr. Only one taken.
Chilocorus fraternus Lee. Fairly common.
Exochomus californictis Casey. Not rare on manzanita.
Hyperaspis sp., near dissoluta Cr. Rare.
Scymnus sp. Common on pine.
Cleis minor Casey. Several in June.

DERMESTIDyE.
Anthrenus occidens Casey. Abundant on the blossoms of manzanita.

TROGOSITID^E.
Trogosita virescens Fab. September, in decayed pine.

BYRRHID^E.

Amphicyrta dentipes Er. June.

DASCYLLIDyE.

Cyphon concinnus Lee. Very common on lilac.

ELATERID^E.

Adelocera profusa Cand. Very rare; a single specimen on a pine-stump.
Alaus melanops Lee. Also rare. June.

Pityobius murrayi Lee. A few examples taken on wing near ditch.
Corymbites cruciatus, var. edwardsia Horn. May, June. Very variable.

tigrinus Fall. A single specimen on yellow pine in May.
Melanactes densus Lee. Occasional in June.
Aplastus optatus Lee. June.

BUPRESTID^E.

Chalcophora angulicollis Lee. Common in June.
Dicerca hornii Cr. Two in June.
Trachykele opulenla Fall. A specimen of this rare species was taken in

August on cedar.
Buprestis gibbsii Lee. June, July, August.

lauta Lee. Fairly common. June to September.

fasciata ? Two in September.

Melanophima drummondi Kirby. Rare. August and September.
Anthaxia ceneogaster Lap. Not rare.
Chrysobothris nixa. Common in September.

californica. One sp. in September. Rare.

68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., '08

LAMPYRID^E.

Ellychinia californica Mots. Common in May and June, on oak. Very

variable.
Podabrus conies Lee. June.

" sp.

MALACHID./E.
Listrus sp., near pardalis Casey.

CLERIDyE.
Tri diodes ornatus Say. Common in July on ceanothus.

LUCANIDyE.
Platycerus californica. A single specimen in June.

SCARAByEIDyE.

Canthon simplex Lee. Very common in May and June.
Aphodius pardalis Lee.
Hoplia dispar Lee. On ceanothus.
Dichelonycha crotchii Horn. Rare.

ziicini. June.

lateralis Fall var. Common.
Cremastochilus pilosicollis Horn. One specimen in road.

CERAMBYCID^E.
Ergates spiculatus Lee. July.
Hylotrupes amethystinus Lee. Not uncommon in August.

lignens Fab. Common in June and July.
Brothylus gemmulatus Lee.
Calloides lorquini Buq. Rare.
Clytus tanifer Lee. Common in July.
Xylotrechus obliteratus Lee. One in July.
Neoclytus conjunctus Lee.

Ulocfuztes leoninus Lee. Two specimens on wing in August.
Toxotus vestitus Hald. Common in July. Very variable in size and

color.

Pachyta spurca Lee. June and July.
Leptiira obliterata Hald. Common everywhere in July.

" tribalteata Lee.

" grossa Lee. June. Rare.

" laetifica Lee. Fairly common in June.

" chrysocoma Kirby.

" crassipes Lee. June and July.

" valida Lee. Rare. One in July.

" dolorosa Lee. Also rare.
Atima dorsalis Lee. Several taken on wing.
Monohammus titillator Fab. Fairly common.
" scutellatus Say.

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 69

CHRYSOMELID^E.

Glyptoscelis illustris Cr.

Haltica bimarginata Say ? On manzanita.

Tiuiarcha intricata Hald. Rare.

TENEBRIONID^E.

Nyctoporis galeata Lee. Fairly common in June.
Coniontis robusta Horn. Not rare.
sanfordii. One in June.
montanus,

Eleodes dentipes Esch. Common in August.
parvicollis Esch. Quite common.
cordaia Esch. Common in June.
scabicula Lee. Common in June.
Iphthimus sublaevis Bland. Plentiful.
Centronopus parallelus Lee.
Cibdelis blaschkii Mann. June.
Helops opacus Lee.

" punclatus Gemm. One specimen under bark.

CISTELID^E.

Stenochidus cyanescens Lee. June. One specimen.
Cistela opaca Lee. Rare.

OEDEMERID^E.

Ditylus quadricollis Lee, Several on sand.
gracilis Lee. Common in June.

MELOID^E.

Cantharis incommoda Horn. May and June.
stygica Lee. Common.

OTIORHYNCHID^E.
Dyslobus segnis Lee. Plentiful in June,
Scythropus californicus Horn. Very common on pine.

CURCULIONID^E.
Pissodes costatus Mann. Rare.
Magdalis lecontei Horn. A few on pine.

I HAVE observed that Lim. obsoleta had three broods here the past
season, in April, June, and September. The first and second brood of
larvae of this quite scarce Lepidopter feed on Salix fluviatilis and the
autumn larvae on Populus fremontii, our cottonwood.

During September I took five or six specimens of Thecla incs, a Mex-
ican species, and rarely taken in Arizona or Southern California, so Mr.
W. G. Wright has informed me. Two or three I took on alfalfa, and
the others on sunflower. DR. R. E. KUN/.E, Phoenix, Arizona.

70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., 'oS

The North American Species of Chariessa (Coleoptera).
BY A. B. WOLCOTT, Chicago, 111.

Three examples of an undescribed species of the genus
Chariessa have been in my collection for many )^ears. Speci-
mens of the four species and one color variety known to occur
in our fauna are now before me, and demonstrate that the
nondescript is specifically distinct.

Our few species may be separated by the aid of the follow-
ing table :

A. Abdomen entirely red.

b. Thorax depressed, sides narrowing anteriorly, pubescence of thorax

light red ; elytra broadly dilated posteriorly. Length 7-14 mm.

Cal., Tex., Mex elegans Horn.

bb. Thorax convex.

c. Elongate, sides of prothorax parallel anteriorly, pubescence of

thorax blackish ; sides of elytra nearly parallel. Length 9
mm. Cal., N. J dicliroa Lee.

c. c. Robust, sides of prothorax strongly narrowing anteriorly, pubes-

cence of thorax whitish (or fulvous) ; elytra broadly dilated
posteriorly. Length 6-8.5 mm - Tex., N. J., Mex., Nicaragua,

Panama, Guatemala, Brazil vestita Chevr.

A A. Abdomen black.

d. Thorax moderately convex, narrowing anteriorly ; elytra black.

Length 7-13 mm. Fla., Ga., N. J., D. C,, N. Y., R. I., Mass.,
Pa., Ohio, Wis., Out., 111., Iowa, Neb , Kans., Ark., Ky.,

Tex pilosa Forst.

Elytra black, lateral and sutural margins pale, femora usually

pale var. oniista Say.

d d. Thorax strongly convex, parallel anteriorly : elytra dark blue.

Length 11-15 mm. Texas texana n. sp.

Elytra dark blue, lateral and sutural margins pale .... var.

C. vestita Chevrolat (Brachyjnorphus}, Col., Mex., Cent, ii, No. 150
(1835) ; Klug. (Enoplium), Abh. Bed. Akad., 1842, p. 363;
tab. i, fig. 10 ; Spinola, Mon. Cle"rites ii, p. 88 ; tab. 45, fig. 2
(1844) ; Gorham, Biol. Cent. Amer. iii, part 2, p. 187 (1882) ;
Laporte ( Corynetes spectabilis) Silberman's Revue Ent. iv, p.
50, No. i (1836).

Ill this beautiful species, which has erroneously been accred-
ited to Spiuola, the elytra and prothorax are blue, densely
pubescent with erect whitish hairs, on each elytron before the
middle there is a large transversely oval, velvety black spot ;

Feb., *08j ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. Jl

the head, antennae (except the club), entire ventral surface of
body and the legs are red, the pubescence of the parts is red ;
the mandibles, antennal club, tips of tarsal appendages and
the tarsal claws are black. Vestita is a very broad species,
the width equaling half the length.

Examples from the more tropical portions of its habitat
show this to be a variable species in coloration, the tendency
being for the bluish portions to become obscurely reddish and
the pubescence more dense. In a Guatemalan specimen in
my collection the elytra are violaceous, the prothorax dull
aenous "with a reddish tinge, the tarsi entirely red, and the
mandibles black at tip only ; the five apical joints of the an-
tennae black, the pubescence of thorax and elytra fulvous and
the velvety black spots of the elytra very large and round.

C. elegans Horn, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. iii, p. 87 (1870) ; Gorham, Biol.
Cent. Amer. iii, part 2, p. 346 ; tab. 12, fig. 23 (1885) ; Rivers
(Lemberti) Zoe vi, p. 396 (1894).

This species bears a slight resemblance to C. dichroa, but
differs from it in many respects. Elegans is a much broader,
more depressed species. It is a deep sanguineous red (the color
fading in old material to a pale red, as described by Dr. Horn),
the elytra blue with metallic lustre wanting ; the antennae
(the basal joint excepted) and the tarsi black. The prothorax
in this species is much more coarsely and densely punctured
while the elytra are less coarsely punctured than in dichroa.

C. dichroa LeConte (Enopliuni) Rep. Exp. and Surv. 1857, xii, p. 48.

This species may be easily recognized by its elongate form,
finely punctured thorax and coarsely punctured elytra. The
coloring in this species is the same as in C. elegans, with the
following exceptions : the blue of the elytra has a sub-metallic
lustre, the prothorax is more shining, the legs and antennae
are entirely black, while the scutellum is red, the pubescence
of the head and prothorax is blackish.

Dichroa is by far the rarest species and according to Mr.
Hopping the larvae of the two species seem to be indistin-
guishable. Both species breed in the same log that of Out-rats
douglasii or Sierra foot-hill oak (at Kaweah, Cal.), and as this
oak does not grow much above 2000 feet, Mr. Hopping thinks

72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., '08

it' probable that the species may in some localities breed in
oaks of a different species. For this species and a fine series
of C. elegans I am indebted to Mr. Ralph Hopping.

C. pilosa Forster (Lampyris], Nov. Spec. Ins. Cent, i, p 40 (1771) ; Oli-
vier (Enoplium), Enc. Meth. vii, p. 490 (1782) ; Say (Enop-
liuin), Amer. Ent. iii, tab. 41, fig. 5 (1828) ; Klug (Enop/iinti};
Abh. Berl. Akad., 1842, pp. 104 and 360 nee., p. 113 : Spinola
(Pelonium), Mon. Clerites i, p. 356; tab. 34, fig. 5 (1844) ',
LeConte (Pelonium), Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., v, p. 32
(1849) ; Gorham (Pelonium), Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond., xxv,
p. 417 (1877) ; Wickham, Can. Ent., xxvii, p. 252 (1895).

C. pilosa var. onusta Say (Enoplimn}, Amer. Ent. iii; tab. 41, fig. i
(1828) ; Say (E. marginatum \\ ), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
iii, p. 188 (1823) ; LeConte (Pelonium], Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.,
N. Y., v, p. 32 (1849) ; Wickham, Can. Ent., xxvii, p. 252, fig.

20 (1895).

Chariessa pilosa and its color variety are so well known and
easily recognized as to render needless the giving of any char-
acters other than those contained in the table of species.

C, tcxana n. sp.

Elongate, black, thorax ferruginous, apical margin each side of middle
with rounded black maculation, sometimes united forming a short, broad,
transverse apical band. Head and thorax coarsely and very densely
punctured, pilose with long, erect yellowish hairs. Thorax slightly
longer than broad, convex, disc feebly longitudinally impressed, sides
parallel anteriorly. Elytra dark blue, sides nearly parallel, convex,
moderately shining, the sutural margins strongly costate, the costae
smooth and broad, each elytron with four more feebly developed costae,
punctuation very coarse and dense at base, less deep and coarse toward
apices, humeri very prominent, impunctate. Legs densely clothed with
very long semi-erect hairs. Length 11-15 mm.

Sweetwater, Nolan County, Texas. Three specimens kindly
given me by Mr. Willard Wooding.

This species is most nearly allied to C. pilosa, from which it
is distinct by the different form of the thorax and by the form
of the entire insect, the elytra are more coarsely punctured and
moderately shining, and it is a much larger species ; the colors
of thorax and elytra are also greatly different from those of
pilosa. The variety of this species is identical with the type
excepting that the elytra are very narrowly margined, the pale
margin being about half as wide as in C. pilosa variety onusta.

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 73

The North American Species of the Genus Erebia

(Lepidoptera).
BY KARL R. COOLIDGE.

The species comprising the genus Erebia are all arctic in
habitat or are found at high elevations in temperate regions.
For this reason many of our species are rare in collections.
The writer has been fortunate in obtaining most of the species,
but several descriptions have been taken from figures. The
following compose our fauna :

1. fasciata Butl.

^ Wings above immaculate dark brown. Beneath paler, with a wide,
grayish submarginal band on both wings, not quite reaching to the lower
margin of the primaries; a more or less obsolete basal band; bands bor-
dered with black.

9 A reddish patch on primaries and a narrow band on secondaries
above. Exp. 1.80-2 inches.

Habitat. Alaska and Arctic America.

2. discoidalis Kirby.

Primaries reddish brown, with a triangular, obscure, reddish, discoidal
stripe from base to posterior margin; costa grayish. Secondaries brown.
Beneath primaries as above, tipped with gray. Secondaries beneath
indistinctly marbled and clouded with gray and whitish; fringes whitish
and brown alternately; body brown; antennae annulated with white.
Exp. 1-1.50 inches.

Habitat. Boreal America; Hudson Bay; Canada, Alberta.

3. rossi Curt.

Superior surface of wings dark reddish brown. On primaries toward
apex two ocellated spots close together. Beneath as above, the ground
color paler; on primaries the outer portion is a pale band containing a
series of white points. Exp. 2 inches.

Habitat. Boreal America; Hudson Bay; St. Lawrence Bay.

4. disa, var. mancinus D. and H.

Upper surface of wings blackish brown. On primaries a reddish sub-
marginal band in which is contained three or four black spots, pupiled
with white, the upper two more distinctly so. Primaries beneath as
above. Under surface of secondaries brown, densely powdered with
grayish scales; a broad, more or less distinct grayish-black median band,
deeply indentated toward base, regularly sinuate outwardly; base gray-
ish; a submarginal row of blackish lunules, sometimes obsolete; a whit-
ish spot on secondaries; at costal margin and on outer edge of band a
whitish, triangular patch. Exp. 1.50 inches.

74 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., 'o8

Habitat. Alaska ; Rocky Mountains ; British America ;
L/acombe, Alberta, Canada.

5. vidleri Elwes.

Wings above blackish brown; on primaries a yellow-brown band en-
closing three small, dark-brown ocelli, the upper two pupiled with white.
On secondaries a band extending about half-way across the wing, con-
taining two brown spots, the upper small.

Habitat. Seton Lake, near L/illoet, on the Fraser River,
British Columbia.

6. tyndarus, var. callais Edw.

$ Wings above brownish, with a broad, transverse, castaneous band
on outer two-thirds of primaries, more or less distinct. At apical end is
contained a black, duplex, bipupiled spot. Secondaries with a series of
three small, black points, each in a castaneous ring; fringes brown.
Primaries beneath castaneous except costal edge and apex, which are
gray; markings as above. Secondaries grayish, with brownish scales;
disk crossed by a deeply crenated line, anterior to which, near base, is
another line nearly obsolete; spots as above. Body brown above, below
dark gray; antennae brown, luteous below: club fuscous above, yellow
at tip.

9 Paler, the spots on secondaries sometimes more or less wanting.
Exp. 1.50 inches.

Habitat. Colorado; New Mexico.

7. epipsodea Butl.

$ Upper surface of wings dark brown ; generally three black, ocel-
lated spots on primaries, broadly surrounded with reddish brown, wid-
ening anteriorly and narrowing in the submedian interspaces. A similar
series on secondaries, three or four in number, surrounded with reddish
brown. Primaries beneath as above, third ocellus obsolete or repre-
sented by a point. Secondaries beneath with outer margin paler and
a curved median, blackish band; spots repeated, but reduced. Body
and palpi brownish black; antennae and club brown above, buff below,
fulvous at tip. Exp. 1.50 inches.

9 Of same size; ocelli enlarged.

Var. bnicei Elwes.

The fulvous patch on primaries divided into four parts by the subcostal
and discoidal nervures. Above third median nervure a small, fulvous
patch which contains two black dots, the white pupils obsolete. Beneath
as above. I regard this as a local aberration.

Habitat. New Mexico to Alaska at suitable elevations ;
common in Montana, Eastern Washington, and British Co-
lumbia.

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 75

Var. brucei, Summit County, Colorado, 12,000 feet; Fort
Qu'appele, Assiniboia.

8. sofia Strecker.

Above both wings are dark brown, with an even submarginal band of
rusty-yellow spots on primaries and four or five concolorous spots on
secondaries; a tint of same color in cell of primaries. Beneath the pri-
maries are reddish, pale in cell, with band repeated, but paler. Second-
aries also paler, the spots yellowish white, with scales of fulvous about
the edges. Exp. 1.50 inches.

Var. alaskensis Holland.

The number of light spots reduced, both above and below; usually
three on primaries above and below, and two on inferior surface of sec-
ondaries.

Habitat. Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay; Yellowstone Park,
7000 to 8000 feet; British Columbia; Wyoming; Colorado.

Var. alaskensis, Eagle City, Forty Mile Mission, Alaska ;
Yellowstone Park.

I take sofia to be a variety of the Siberian maurisiiis Esp.,
and it is also close to E. kefersteinii Er. , another Siberian
species.

9. magdalena Strecker.

Uniformly and entirely dark blackish brown on both surfaces of the
wings, except the outer two-thirds, beneath which is a shade lighter.
Exp. 2 inches.

Habitat. Colorado, 10,000 to 14,000 feet.

10. yonngi Holl.

Above both wings are dark brownish black; on primaries a wide sub-
marginal band of red spots, pupiled with black. On secondaries a con-
colorous series of rounded spots, not confluent as on primaries. Beneath
paler; the spots of primaries more confluent, but less sharply outlined.
Secondaries crossed by a broad-curved, median, dark band, defined on
both sides by narrow black lines. External to this a paler band, more
or less dusted with grayish scales. Succeeding this a moderately wide,
dark-brown, even marginal band; pupils of above repeated.

Less dark upon upper surface of wings, the ocellated red spots more
strongly developed. Exp. 1.50 inches.

Habitat. Forty Mile Mission, Alaska.

DR. WM. A. NASON has sold his collection of insects to the State Lab-
oratory of Natural History, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., '08

Oviposition of Bibio albipennis Say.

BY ARSENE GIRAULT, New Richmond, Ohio.

In early April, 1907, this species was very common at Olden,
Missouri, occurring on various fruit trees in the large apple
and peach orchards of the Ozark region. They were found
as isolated examples clinging to the foliage, but on one occa-
sion in the afternoon a single small swarm was observed at
the edge of a peach orchard. They were flying erratically,
occasionally alighting on the foliage of nearby trees. The
species was present for at least eight or ten days, and a female
deposited many eggs in a small box in which she was confined.
Continued cold spells, however, interfered with their breeding
and the eggs failed to hatch.

On May 17, 1907, along the Ohio River, at New Richmond,
Ohio, many single examples of this species were again met
with on the foliage of apple, peach and other trees. Three
gravid females were captured on that date and confined during
the afternoon of the same day in a jar containing moist soil.
As expected, they had disappeared under the soil by the morn-
ing of the igth, and early in the morning of May 22d the
egg-masses were found at the bottom of the jar under 65 mm.
of soil, each mass partly enveloping the now dead body of the
female.

The eggs were deposited in a more or less regular mass, side
by side and on their ends, the rows often over-lapping, and
each mass averaged 2211 eggs by actual count. The eggs are
of the usual dipterous form and color, being oblong with
both ends rounded, and with one side slightly convex, and
the other slightly concave. Their color is sordid yellowish
white, they are translucent, opaque at the ends, their contents
granulated, and surface apparently simple. In structure they
are very delicate, To the naked eye they are minute and
inconspicuous when single, and the whole mass is not wider
than 6 or 7 millimetres. The eggs average 0.558 mm. in
length. They die when taken from their positions in the soil
and exposed to the atmosphere.

I am indebted to Mr. D. W. Coquillett, U. S. National Mu-
seum, for determination of the species.

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 77

A new Antsota from Arizona (Lepidoptera Hetero-
cera, Ceratocampidae).

BY C. R. BIEDERMAX.
A. skinneri n. sp. rf .

Form that of A. virginiensis. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen
a deep rich ochreous yellow. Primaries reddish brown, spot on discal
area silver white, i mm. square, basal corners slightly rounded ; 4 mm.
from the external margin and parallel to it runs a narrow bluish band.
Costal margin marked by a dull brown band I mm. wide. Secondaries
a rich purple brown, somewhat lighter at the costal margin, deepest at
the base. Underside : abdomen, two-thirds its length from thorax nearly
naked, grayish brown; primaries same as upper surface except lirrbal
area, which is a dull grayish brown, discal spot dull white ; seconda-
ries dull grayish brown, with basal patch of purple brown. Expanse 53
mm. The female is much larger, expanse 71 mm., of lighter color and
marked in the same manner.

Life-history of Anisota skinneri : Eggs found on August 2oth
hatched September ist~5th inclusive. Young larvae grayish-
brown, naked, 2 mm. Commenced to feed 4 days after emerg-
ing. Changed to reddish-brown September loth. Changed
to dull red September i3th. September i6th skin shows
tiny ridges like paper crumbled up and smoothed out again.
This form of skin stays to time of pupation. First pupa-
tion September 2gth, last October 5th. No moulting what-
ever ; no spinning of cocoon. Chrysalid naked in the loose
ground 2 to 3 inches under surface, sandy earth preferred
with a layer of dead leaves on top. They cease feeding and
wander aimlessly around cage, color fades to a reddish clay
and anal portion and head shrink towards center with slight
swells. My experience of last year teaches me that this larva
when freely handled will wander about, feed very irregularly
and little, and finally die ; of 22 I saved only 2. This year
they were not handled and all but one went underground.
Food, black (live) oak.

Average length of grown larvae 56 mm. The emerged larva
shows no spines at first, but elevated dark punctures where
they grow afterwards. Adults emerged last year August 5th.

IN Science for January 24, 1908, is a brief statement of the aim and
methods of the Concilium Bibliographicum.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

[The Conductors of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS solicit and will thankfully receive items
of news likely to interest its readers from any source. The author's name will be given
in each case, for the information of cataloguers and bibliographers.]

To Contributors. All contributions will be considered and passed upon at oui
earliest convenience, and, as far as may be, will be published according to date of recep-
tion. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS has reached a circulation, both in numbers and circumfer-
ence, as to make it necessary to put " copy " into the hands of the printer, for each num-
ber, three weeks before date of issue. This should be remembered in sending special or
important matter for a certain issue. Twenty-five "extras," without change in form,
will be given free, when they are wanted ; and this should be so stated on the MS., along
with the number desired. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged. ED.

PHILADELPHIA, PA., FEBRUARY, 1908.

We were pleased to learn from the minutes of the Secretary-
Treasurer and other sources, that the Chicago meeting of the
Entomological Society of America was a great success, and
that the attendance was large. We also learned from one of
our correspondents that Dr. James Fletcher of Ottawa, First
Vice-President, conducted the meeting in his usual inimitable
happy manner. It is an excellent thing to have officers who
will make long journeys at a sacrifice when duty calls. The
new officers are an honor to the Association, being men of
ability and eminence, and their names shed lustre on the infant
Society. It is to be hoped that the next meeting to be held in
Baltimore will be equally brilliant as to attendance and papers,
and that the same policies and precedents that were so suc-
cessful in Chicago will be adopted in Maryland. Our predic-
tion that the Society would grow and flourish like a green bay
tree has been fulfilled so we are happy.

A CORRECTION. ENT. NEWS, p. 43, 1907, line 33, for S. A. Rohmer

read S. A. Rohwer. I choose this opportunity to record Plerochiliis 5-

fasciatus Say, from Pueblo, Colo., July 31, 1907 (G. M. Hite). As far as

F know the genus has not been been recorded from Colorado. S. A.

RoinvhK, Boulder, Col.

78

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 79

Notes and. News.

ENTOMOLOGICAL GLEANINGS FROM ALL QUARTERS
OP THE GLOBE.

I SEND you the record of the capture of a specimen of Calpodes elhliits
Cramer. This insect was once taken at West Farms, N. Y., about 40
years ago, I believe. The specimen referred to was taken by me herein
Washington, D. C., over a bed of Canna on September 19, 1903. CHAS.
R. ELY.

MR. O. W. BARRETT is back in the Bureau of Plant Industry of the
U. S. D. A., after a very pleasant summer and autumn among the cacao
plantations of Trinidad, B. W. I., in the study of cacao pests and diseases
for the Agricultural Society of Trinidad and Tobago.

IF Mr. Paul is correctly quoted, we would like to suggest that some of
the wealthy society butterflies contribute a fund toward the promulgation
of elementary knowledge about the metamorphoses of insects. The
price of one of these swell balls would create a fund to perpetuate this
journal for all time, whereas the ball lasts but a few hours. Of course,
the price given in the newspaper account is greatly exaggerated:

" 'A lie. The whole story of the live butterflies being loosed at the
ball which I gave in Horticultural Hall is a lie. It is made out of the
whole cloth and there is nothing whatever to it.'

" In this wise did James W. Paul, Jr., emphatically stamp this story,
which appeared first in Philadelphia and later in papers throughout the
country, and which has occasioned not only amusement but indignation
in some quarters here.

"'It is absurd to think of such a thing being done,' continued Mr.
Paul, ' for if butterflies had been sent from such distant parts as those
ridiculous stories had it they would have been transformed into laiv;c
and caterpillars before their arrival here. It is all absolutely untrue.'

" Word came echoing back from New York yesterday that ' 15,000
educated butterflies had blazed the way for Miss Mary Astor Paul's en-
trance to society, and the entire ball cost $100.000.'

"Another account had it that 'the piece de resistance came when, at
the height of the festivities, 500 beautiful butterflies, gathered from all
corners of the earth, were released over the heads of the magnificently
gowned and jeweled women and the bravely dressed men who had gath-
ered as Mr. Paul's guests.' '

A NEW PUBLICATION, THE JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY,
official organ of the Association of Economic Entomologists. Editor,
E. Porter Felt, Albany, N. Y, State Entomologist, New York; Associate
Editor, A. F. Burgess, Washington, I). C., Secretary Association Eco-
nomic Entomologists; Business Manager, E. Dwight Sanderson, Dur-
ham N. H., Director N. H. Agricultural Experiment Station; Advertising

8O ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., '08

Manager, Wilmon Newell, Baton Rouge, La., State Entomologist Lotisi-
ana. Advisory Board: L. O. Howard, Chief of Bureau of Entomology,
U. S. Dept. Agr. ; James Fletcher, Entomologist, Dominion of Canada;
H. T. Fernald, Professor of Entomology, Mass. Agr. College; S. A.
Forbes, State Entomologist, Illinois; H. A. Morgan, Director Term.
Agr. Experiment Station; Herbert Osborn, Professor of Zoology, Ohio
State University.

At the twentieth annual meeting of the Association of Economic Ento-
mologists held at Chicago, December 28, 29, 1907, a stock company com-
posed of members of that association was formed for publishing a Journal
of Economic Entomology, and arrangements were made for the imme-
diate issue of the publication.

An agreement was entered into between this company and the associ-
ation whereby the Proceedings of the Association of Economic Ento-
mologists are to be published exclusively in this journal.

The Association of Economic Entomologists includes in its member-
ship practically all the official economic entomologists of the world,
nearly three hundred in number. Its proceedings have been published
as a bulletin of the Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agri-
culture, and have furnished the medium for publishing a large number
of papers giving the results of investigation in economic entomology,
many of which would not have found ready publication elsewhere.
These proceedings will now appear in the Journal of Economic Ento-
mology, making the first two numbers each year. The last four num-
bers will contain similar contributions, notes, news, reviews of more
important publications, etc. Ever since the untimely suspension of
Insect Life, over fifteen years ago, there has been no place for the publi-
cation of short notices or longer reports upon investigations and experi-
ments in economic entomology, save the bulletins and reports of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, the Agricultural Experiment Stations,
and the agricultural press, all of which have their distinctive fields and
limitations, precluding the publication of much worthy material.

During the last ten years the science of economic entomology has ad-
vanced in a most phenomenal manner. The general public has had frt--
quent occasion to acknowledge its debts to applied entomology, and the
number of workers and the quantity and quality of work have increased
in a manner far beyond expectation. The advent of the San Jose scale
throughout the eastern United States, the tremendous losses occasioned
by the Mexican cotton-boll weevil in Texas and Louisiana, the destructive
work of the gipsy and brown-tail moths in New England, as well as
many other important pests throughout America and the newly settled
countries of Australia and South Africa, have turned attention to the
work of the economic entomologist and its economic value as never
before. Even more striking has been the work in the United States and
South Africa upon the relation of ticks to the diseases of domestic ani-
mals and their control, and greatest of all have been the discoveries that

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 8 1

malaria and yellow fever are carried by mosquitoes and the magnificent
demonstrations of the application of this knowledge to the saving and
safeguarding of human life.

The Journal of Economic Entomology will be issued bimonthly, Feb-
ruary to December inclusive, each issue to contain fifty to one hundred
pages, the size to be limited only by the financial support received and
the papers offered. In size of page and style it will be uniform with the
Proceedings of the Association of Economic Entomologists of former
years (Bulletins of Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr. ). The sub-
scription price is $2 per year, in advance, plus 30 cents postage for for-
eign subscribers.

THE NOSE OF THE MOSQUITO. STORIES FROM FLORIDA ABOUT THE
INSECT'S LONG RANGE SCENT FOR BLOOD. There is one fact to be
taken into account in the natural history of the mosquito of which there
seems to be a great deal of ignorance. I allude to the wonderful smell-
ing power of that world-embracing insect. Let me begin by relating
some facts which will throw some light on the subject, and doubtless sur-
prise some readers.

I once sailed down the Florida coast bound for Key West. We were
on a little schooner. The crew were two, the passengers likewise two.
About the middle of the afternoon we arrived off one of the points of
the coast, which taken together constitute Cape Sable. A river empties
into the Gulf there, known as Shark River. It is one of the most notori-
ous haunts of mosquitoes on the whole coast. The crew decided that it
would not be prudent to pursue our journey that evening, and so we
anchored. We were about a mile from the shore, which is there covered
witli tall mangrove trees. We prepared our supper and after it was eaten
we camped on the deck, or in the cabin as pleased us. The time was
June and the wind was blowing gently from the east in from the sea.
There was not one mosquito. In the morning we cooked our breakfast
and ate it. Wind either a calm, or gentle from the east. No mosqui-
toes. Then something happened the wind came out from the west or
northwest. Instantly the mosquitoes came out. At first one or two,
then more and more. As soon as possible we got up our sails and pro-
ceeded to sea. The explanation is simple. As long as the wind blew
from the shore to us, the mosquitoes were unconscious of our presence ;
when the wind commenced to blow from us to the insects they became
aware of the existence of warm blood, and they lost no time time in
going after it.

One night in the summer in Florida I camped in a wagon with a com-
panion. The wagon was in a road which ran north and south. The
wind was from the east, thus blowing directly across the wagon. I
slept on the west side. The mosquitoes to the west of us were at-
tracted to us by the smell of our blood. They came to us, but all stopped
at ine. MY companion got no mosquitoes, got no bites at all, while I
suffered a sleepless night.

82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., '08

Perhaps it is not generally known that the Florida coast is lined with
lighthouses. One of these lighthouses north of Key West is called Som-
brero. It is a frame of iron on which the dwelling and the lantern stand,
and is five and one-half miles from the swampy, mangrove lined shore.
This shore is the breeding place and home of mosquitoes. Probably no
unprotected human being could survive there for a single night. I know
well a couple who kept this light for a considerable period. Their experi-
ence and their testimony on the subject on which I am writing should
be conclusive, so I questioned them first, as to the distance that mosqui-
toes can smell human blood. They said that sometimes they were over-
whelmed with mosquitoes. Secondly, but when ? Was it when the wind
was blowing from the land ? Were the insects blown to you? The ans-
wer was that the inroads of the insects were only when the wind was
blowing from the lighthouse to the shore. And the keeper said "not
when the wind was blowing directly at right angles to the shore." I
suggested that there might be a pond a little out of the nearest point of
the shore. As to that he did not know, for I think he said he had never
visited the shore.

It seems evident enough that if the mosquitoes were blown over, only
those embraced in the narrow zone of the width of the lighthouse would
ever get to the house, and as the wind never blows very long in one exact
direction, varying and zigzagging about, no mosquitoes would ever get
over the five and a half miles of water. The idea is absurd. Either the
insects go to the lighthouse on purpose or they don't go at all.

Now, if a mosquito can smell warm blood five and a half miles, how
much farther can he smell it? The common route in pleasant weather
from the coast to Key West is to sail down along the shore to Boca
Grande. Then the vessel steers straight for its destination, a distance of
eighty miles. The route recedes from the land, and the distance becomes
as great as thirty miles. The course is regulated by sounding and the
vessel is not allowed to get beyond a certain depth of water.

I am well acquainted, and have been for years, with two men who have
sailed across this course many times, regularly making trips from my
house to Key West. They say that it has happened to them time and
again, that they would leave Boca Grande in the evening with a westerly
wind. One of them would lie on his blanket on deck and sleep, while
the other sailed the boat. There would be no mosquitoes on the boat.
The sleeper would sleep undisturbed. But after a while mosquitoes would
appear and disturb the sleeper. When the wind began to come from the
east, or off shore, the insects would disappear. Those already present,
of course, would be either killed or quieted with blood after the way of
the tribe. You will take notice that these observations were made by
keen observers with their eyes wide open, and repeated over and over
again I published these facts twenty years ago. Last summer I heard
of an entomologist's visit to our coast and of his investigation concern-
ing this subject. JOHN G. WEBB, Osprey, Fla.

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 83

TRANSPARENT wings, colored or uncolored, detached from the body
of an insect can be placed between two lantern slide covers and used as
lantern slides, a few minute drops of glue serving to hold the wings in
place. Any necessary lettering can be put on bits of Dennison's adhesive
transparent tape, or of sheet gelatine, and inserted between the two glass
covers before binding them together in the usual way. P. P. CALVERT.

EREBUS ODORA IN WISCONSIN. The small village of Oostburg can be
found on the map forty-two miles north of Milwaukee and ten miles
south of Sheboygan in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin. On July 27, 1898,
I went out on my usual night trip to catch moths near the woods, where
I sugared some tree-stems. Hundreds of insects appeared, of different
sizes, and one was a very large one. Waiting for a favorable opportu-
nity to strike with my net, I was rewarded with an almost perfect female
Erebus odora.

On the night of July 22, 1907, I imagined that two bats were flying near
my sugared trees for the purpose of devouring the moths which covered
the tree-stems. Directing the red light of the bicycle-lamp toward the
tree-stems, I saw a male and female Erebus odora feasting on the sweet
I had provided. I caught the female that same night and July 24th I
captured the male. Both specimens are almost perfect. On the night
of July 27 and 29, 1907, I caught two female Erebus odora. One was
somewhat damaged and the other very much injured. The last speci-
men I put in a large box, covered with screen, under the trees, expecting
soon to catch the male As it did not appear within a week I took the
female out and found it had deposited two hundred or more eggs, scat-
tered all over the inside of box and screen. The eggs are of the size of
cabbage-seeds, green of color, and round. About fourteen days after
they were deposited the larvae emerged, i did not know the food-plant
of this caterpillar and, to my sorrow, all died of inanition.

It is an open question to me if the Erebus odora does breed in this
vicinity. Of the five specimens I captured three are almost perfect and
one fairly good. If they are stragglers from the South, could it be pos-
sible for them to arrive here in such a good condition ? In making the
long journey from the South they were certainly liable to be killed by
bats or night-hawks or other enemies before they ever reached this
northern country. Dr. J. VV. Holland writes me that the larvae feed on
cassia in Cuba.

Do not some of the readers of the NEWS know of another food-plant
to which the larvae of the Erebus odora take?

On September 2, 1907, I caught a female Erinnyis ello on the flowers
of the petunia. This insect likely was a straggler from the South, and
still it is a perfect specimen.

I will be glad to hear from readers of the NEWS any opinions and ex-
periences with regard to Erebus odora, and I would like to know if those
insects breed also in our northern climate. ED. WAS, M.D., Oostburg,
Wisconsin.

84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., '08

Doings of Societies.

Meeting of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, October
3, 1907. The President, Dr. Zabriskie, in the chair; fifteen
members and two visitors present.

Mr. Dow reported, on behalf of the Committee on Field
Meetings, that numerous collecting trips to various localities
in New York State and in New Jersey had been made during
the past season. The results proved especially gratifying to
the younger members, who fully appreciated the efforts of the
more experienced collectors, of whom several usually accom-
panied the expeditions, to make the trips interesting and
enjoyable.

The value of field meetings in establishing a closer relation-
ship among members was emphasized, and it was earnestly
recommended that they be continued and encouraged during
the next season.

Mr. Davis exhibited two boxes of insects collected at Pin-
lawn, Long Island, among which were two specimens of Ely-
troleptus floridanus, a Floridian beetle, recorded in the East
only once before, from Massachusetts. Mr. Davis pointed out
that, although Long Island contained many excellent collect-
ing grounds, all orders of insects, excepting, perhaps, Lepi-
doptera and Coleoptera, had been very much neglected, and
in this connection he moved, after a full discussion by the
members, that the Brooklyn Entomological Society commit
itself to the preparation of a list of the insects of Long Island.
The motion was carried.

Mr. Levison, in speaking of his season's work with shade-
tree insects, stated that the Tussock moth proved, as usual,
the most troublesome pest ; the bag-worm and several species
of Datana occurred locally in large numbers ; Piik'inaria,
sometimes so destructive to maple trees, was not abundantly
present this year.

Mr. Dow showed a specimen of Catocala dejecta, captured in
July near Prospect Park, Brooklyn, and a specimen of Basi-
larchia astyanax, variety albofascia, taken at New Brunswick,
New Jersey.

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 85

Mr. Davis' s series of Basilarchia astyanax also included an
example of the variety albofascia, from Staten Island.

Mr. Shoemaker exhibited a number of Laertias philenor,
obtained from chrysalids, all of which had the tails consider-
ably aborted.

GEO. P. ENGELHARDT, Recording Secretary.

Meeting of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, November
7, 1907. The President, Dr. Zabriskie, in the chair; fifteen
members present.

Mr. Everett S. Howell, of Brooklyn, N. Y., was elected a
member.

In an address entitled "Collecting Bombus at Banff, Al-
berta," Dr. Zabriskie gave an interesting account of a five
weeks' trip, undertaken during the past summer in the com-
pany of thirty-eight tourists, to the Pacific coast and Alaska,
returning over the Canadian Pacific Railroad.

Leaving New York on the 24th of July, stops were made at
the Yellowstone National Park, at Portland, and Seattle, where
a steamer bound for Alaskan waters was boarded. Visiting
Sitka, Skagway, Glacier Bay, Muir Glacier, and Vancouver,
the journey was continued over the Canadian Pacific Railroad
to Banff, Alberta, where the travelers arrived on the 22d of
August and remained for two nights and a day.

Giving due attention to the magnificent scenery, the beau-
tiful flora, and the many other attractions for which this
mountain resort is noted, Dr. Zabriskie did not neglect to
observe in a general way the occurrence of insects. Consid-
erable snow, still lying on the mountains, had fallen a few
days previously; nevertheless, a number of butterflies, princi-
pally of the genera Argynnis and Colias, were seen on the
wing. A species of flowering Goldenrod, not exceeding
eighteen inches in height, proved very attractive to bumble-
bees, which, not being very active, could be easily taken with
the bottle. Of the forty-seven specimens collected and exhib-
ited, only nine were females. The variation of color and size,

86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., '08

so usual in species of Bombus, in this case was most apparent
in the maculation; seven species, however, could be readily
distinguished.

To further illustrate the variability of this family, Dr. Za-
briskie showed a fine series of Bombus pennsylvanicus , ranging
from the large females to the small workers and males, taken
some years ago at Albany, N. Y., from one colony which had
built its nest in a bird-house intended for wrens. Sulphur
applied on this occasion to the nest, while killing the adults,
had no effect on the pupse, for these matured and hatched
some days later.

GEO. P. ENGELHAKDT, Recording Secretary.

A meeting of the Newark Entomological Society was held
September 8th at the residence of Mr. Wm. H. Broadwell,
the President in the chair, and twelve members present. Mr.
Angelman remarked that he had secured eggs of Centra mul-
tiscripta, all of which were black when first laid, and that all
published data relative to color described them as gray. Mr.
Keller reported the capture of two pairs of Acronycta elizabeta
Sm., recently described, at Elizabeth, N. J., in August, and a
specimen of A. betulce at Mountain View, also in August.
Mr. Dickerson reported the capture of a specimen of the
former species at Chester.

Mr. Grossbeck remarked that he had taken at New Bruns-
wick, on August i gth, a dozen specimens of the introduced
Vespa crabro, which were attracted to a light in a room, and
asked if any other Aculeates were known to be heliotropic.
Prof. Smith said that it was a rare phenomenon, and usually
occurred only when the nests of the insects were in some way
damaged. This, however, was not the case in this particular
instance, as the insects continued to be attracted to light for
some weeks afterward and later the nest was discovered
unbroken.

Mr. Angelman said that moths were not as common in the
early mornings on gas lamp-posts, etc., as in former } r ears,

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 87

and attributed the cause to the increase in numbers of the
English sparrow.

Mr. Rockwell reported Thecla titus common during the past
season.

J. A. GROSSBECK, Secretary.

The October meeting of the Newark Entomological Society
was held on the I3th of the month at the residence of Mr.
H. H. Brehme, the President in the chair, and eighteen mem-
bers present. A vote of thanks was tendered to Prof. J. B.
Smith and Messrs. E. J. Smith, of Natick, Mass., and C. F.
Harbison, of Dayton, Ohio, for contributions of separates and
other papers toward the formation of a new library. Mr.
Wm. J. Erhard, of Newark, was elected a member of the
Society.

Mr. Otto Buchholz gave an interesting account of his ex-
tended trips to Southern California and Arizona during the
past summer. In California he found the territory so gener-
ally under cultivation that really good collecting ground for
Lepidoptera was difficult to find. In Arizona he located at
Prescott, in Yavapai County, an exceedingly rocky country,
and collected chiefly at an elevation of between six and seven
thousand feet altitude. In all between seven and eight thou-
sand specimens of Lepidoptera and three to four thousand
specimens of Coleoptera were collected, besides a lot of mis-
cellaneous insects, reptiles, and minerals. Most all of the
insect material was taken at light. Sugaring yielded small
results, though it had been persistently followed throughout
his stay. Collecting on tree-trunks was very poor, practically
nothing having been taken in this way, and he attributed the
cause to the insectivorous birds, the lizards, and a species of
mantid which he found very numerous.

Mr. Buchholz also exhibited light- and dark-colored cocoons
of Hyperchiria pamina, the difference in shade being due to
environment at the time of spinning. Those larvce left to
spin up in leaves produced the usual brown cocoons, while
others of the same lot, on being transferred to a box contain-
ing bits of white paper at the time indications of spinning
were manifested, produced light-colored ones. The fact that

88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., '08

the larvae were fed throughout their lives on the same food in
the same cage, and were yet able to spin differently colored
silk, is extremely interesting. Mr. Buchholz said that the
eggs of H. pamina hatch in precisely twenty-one days.

Mr. Gerstencorn exhibited specimens of hybrid moths pro-
duced by mating a male Smerinthus ocellatus with a female
S..populi, both European species. The larvae of both forms
normally pass through four instars, but those of the hybrids
passed through only three. The adults parted from copula-
tion on May i4th and egg-laying began at once, the ova hatch-
ing on the 22d of the same month. The first moult was made
on May 27th, the second on June 2d, and the last on June 8th,
the larvae entering the ground to pupate on the i4th of that
month. The first imago emerged on the 8th of July and two
others came out shortly afterward ; the remaining pupae did
not disclose their imagines, and are passing the winter in good
condition.

J. A. GROSSBECK, Secretary.

The November meeting of the Newark Entomological Soci-
ety was held on the 8th of the month at Ferrg's Hall, the
President in the chair, and fifteen members present. A vote
of thanks was tendered Mr. Wm. Beutenmiiller for the presen-
tation to the Society of a copy of his monograph of Sesiidae,
and to Mr. Geo. A. Erhman, of Pittsburg, for papers on Lepi-
doptera and Coleoptera. Mr. John Koller, of Newark, was
proposed for membership and unanimously elected.

Mr. Wormsbacher exhibited a specimen of the recently
described Limenitis ursula, var. albofasciata Newc., together
with the type and allied species and varieties. Immediately
following the short meeting the twenty-third anniversary of
the Society was celebrated by a supper, at which all-around
good humor prevailed.

J. A. GROSSBECK, Secretary.

The December meeting of the Newark Entomological Soci-
ety was held in the annex of the destroyed Turn Hall, at 182
William Street. A vote of thanks was extended to Dr. C. J. S.

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 89

Bethune for his donation to the library of copies of his own
and other publications, and to the Entomological Society of
Washington for a set of their Proceedings to date.

Mr. Kircher exhibited a very large and evenly rounded
cocoon of Hyperchiria io in which five living and well-formed
pupae were closely packed together. One part of the cocoon
w r as slit open to demonstrate that absolutely no partitioning
was between any of the pupae. The specimen was spun in a
breeding cage.

Mr. Buchholz showed an elegantly mounted series of the
several species of Rhynchagrotis which he had taken during
the past summer in Arizona.

The officers elected for the year 1908 were as follows : Presi-
dent, Prof. Henry Wormsbacher ; Vice-President, George T.
Rockwell ; Corresponding and Recording Secretary, John A.
Grossbeck ; Financial Secretary, Herman H. Brehme ; Libra-
rian, William H. Broad well, and Treasurer, Simon H. M.
Seib.

J. A. GROSSBECK, Secretary.

A meeting of the Heink Entomological Club, St. Louis,
Mo., was held January i2th, Mr. C. L. Heink presiding. All
but two members present. Mr. Heink exhibited a perfect
specimen of Erynnis leonardus 9 which he took last July,
three miles south of the city, this being the first record of its
appearance here. He also showed cocoons of Automeris io and
related how he had secured several larvae of the same (20
miles from St. Louis) and bred them. This is believed to be
a new record for this region. Mr. Schroers gave an interest-
ing account of collecting Lepidoptera in different parts of
Europe. Mr. Kelbly exhibited a new, adjustable spreading
board, his own handiwork. He also showed a fine specimen
of P. turnus 9 (yellow), something very rare in this locality.
Mr. Knetzger exhibited a number of imagos of .5". cccropia,
which he bred, among them an aberration, devoid of the bands
on the forewings.

AUG. KNETZGER, Secretary.

90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., '08

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.

The third meeting of the Entomological Society of America
was held at the University of Chicago, December 30 and 31,
1907, in affiliation with the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, and other societies. About one
hundred were in attendance, coming from as widely remote
localities as Maine and California, Ottawa and Louisiana.

On Monday sessions were held for the reading of papers,
the program of which follows :

Notes on the Geographical Affinities of the Isle Royale, Lake Su-
perior. (An outline of the relations of the Isle Royale fauna (beetle
fauna) to that of Northern North America. General remarks on the
major faunal centers based on beetles). CHARLES C. ADAMS.

Some problems in Nomenclature. (A brief discussion of the valid-
ity of names, particularly those bestowed on insect galls and larvse.)
DR. E. P. FELT.

Stereoscopic Photography Applied to Entomological Subjects. (Ex-
hibition of excellent stereoscopic effects brought about by an ingenious
but simple apparatus.) PROFESSOR F. L. WASHBURN.

Life History and Habits of the Dimorph of Cliaitophorus negundinis
Thos. (Previous knowledge of the dimorph. Comparison with a
similar dimorph in Europe. Life -history; appearances in summer.
Part played in the survival of species, etc.) JOHN J. DAVIS.

Is Mutation a Factor in the Production of Vestigial Wings Among
Insects? (A summary of some observations among insects belonging
to various groups, where the evolution of wingless or subapterous
species can be traced within a genus or small group.) CHARLES T.
BRUES.

The Sense of Sight in Spiders. DR. ALEXANDER PETRUNKEVITCH.

External Wing-Buds in Larvae of Holometabolous Insects. (A dis-
cussion of the general subject and recorded instances; and a report
of an unrecorded instance.) DR. WILLIAM A. RILEY.

Notes on the Nervous System of the Corydalis Larvse. A. G.
HAMMAR.

Notes on a Chalcid Infesting Apple Seeds. C. R. CROSBY.

The Mouth Parts and Phylogeny of Siricidae. J. CHESTER BRADLEY.

On Certain Structural Characters of the Genus Catocala. W. BEUT-

ENMULLER.

Is Vespa bor calls an Inquiline? (An account of finding males and

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 91

females of Vcspa bnrcalis living in the nest of F. diabolica on several
occasions, apparently on perfectly friendly terms. , DR. JAMES
FLETCHER.

The Entomological Society of America and Its Work. HENRY H.
LYMAN.

The Habits of the Crane-Fly, Dicranoinyia dcfuncta O. S. DR.
JAMES G. NEEDHAM.

The Life History of a Bee-Fly (Spogosfylmn analc Say) ; the Larv;o
Parasitic on the Larvae of a Tiger Beetle Cicindela scutellaris Say.
(The eggs are laid in July and August; larva? on the last larval stage
of the host in the spring; when the host makes its pupal cell and the
internal parts become semi-fluid, the parasite moults and grows very
rapidly, completely destroying the host. (July) The pupa digs toward
the surface by wriggling movements of the bodv. and the adult emerges
when the surface is reached.) (Title only.) VICTOR E. SHELFORD.

Circumfili in the Cecidomyiidae. (A discussion of the mornhology
and taxonomic value of these organs.) DR. E. P. FELT.

Ancestral Ephemeridae ['from the American Permian Formation.
(A group of true Ephemeridse obtained from the Permian of Kansas.
The earliest known true Ephemerids, and with the exception of a
few Russian specimens, all that are known from the Permian. They
present a distinct early stage in the evolution of the Ephemerid line.)
DR. E. H. SELLAKHS.

Observations on the Life History and Adaptation of a Xew Semi-
Aquatic Aphid. (Habits, life history, and specialization of A^h<x
aquatints . noz'iis, found on the water thyme; many remarkable adapta-
tions to its semi-aquatic life.) C. F. JACKSON.

The New Biological Field Station of Cornell University. DR. JAMES
G. NEEDHAM.

Collecting grounds Around Chicago. A. KWIAT.
Habits of the Larvae of Lycaena. J. H. COOK.

On Monday evening- the annual address was given before
the Society by Professor Herbert Osborn, of the Ohio State
University, his subject being 'The Habits of Insects as a
Factor in Classification." The address was followed by a
most enjoyable smoker, at which the members of the SonVtv
and their friends were the guests of the Entomological Sec-
tion of the Chicago Academy of Sciences.

At the Annual Business Meeting on Tuesday, the 3ist, the
following officers were elected :

92 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., '08

President, Dr. William Morton Wheeler.

First Vice-President, Dr. John B. Smith.

Second Vice-President, Rev. Prof. C. J. S. Bethune.

Secretary-Treasurer, J. Chester Bradley.

Additional members of the Executive Committee: Dr.
James G. Needham, Prof. V. L. Kellogg, Prof. Herbert Os-
born, Prof. J. H. Comstock, Dr. P. P. Calvert, Mr. F. M.
Webster.

STANDING COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE.

To serve 3 years, Dr. H. T. Fernald.

To serve 2 years, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell.

To serve i year, Dr. E. P. Felt.

COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE.

Dr. Fernald moved, seconded by Dr. Smith:

1. That the Entomological Society of America hereby endorses
the Code of Nomenclature, adopted by the International Zoological
Congress, as the code which should be used by the members of the
Society so far as it can be applied.

2. That cases not covered by this code which may be presented
to the Society for consideration, be referred to a standing Committee
on Nomenclature, to consist of three members, one member of which
shall be elected each year for a term of three years, and the opinion
of this Committee on cases referred to them, shall be reported to the
Society at the first annual meeting subsequent to their reference to
the Committee.

Mr. Bradley moved to amend by striking out the second
clause, because entomology should not be treated as distinct
from Zoology in general, and because the Commission on
Nomenclature established by the International Congress of
Zoology is the sufficient and proper body before which to
bring such question for decision.

Dr. Fernald stated that the reports of the Commission on
Nomenclature of the International Congress of Zoology are
greatly delayed by the fact that the Congress meets only once
in three years, and by the rule that a question must be pre-
sented at least a year before the meeting at which it is to be
considered. It was not the intention of the mover that the
Committee should act in opposition to or independently from

Feb., '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 93

the .Commission on Nomenclature, but that it should be in-
strumental in voicing the needs of entomology before that body,
which should be the final court of reference.

With that explanation, the amendment was withdrawn and
the motion passed.

PUBLICATION OF A JOURNAL.

Perhaps the most important act of the meeting was em-
bodied in the following resolutions adopted by the Executive
Committee and confirmed by the Society :

1. That the Society undertake a publication to he called "Annals of
the Entomological Society of America," to be issued in quarterly
fascicles.

2. That it include only papers of importance or marked merit,
and that each be issued and bound separately as well as in fascicles,
so that each paper may be sold separately.

3. That proceedings of the meetings be included either at the be-
ginning or end of each volume and form one separate, which is to
be sent to all members of the Society.

4. That a subscription price of one dollar, in addition to the mem-
bership fee, be charged members for the annals, and that the sub-
scription price to non-members, libraries, etc., be $3.00.

5. That an Editorial Board be selected by the Executive Committee,
and that this Board shall select one of its members as managing edi-
tor, who, with his associates, shall be responsible for the selection
of material to be published.

6. That, if possible, someone living in a suitable location and who
can undertake the work of managing editor for a series of years, be
selected for this position.

7. That details not covered in this report are to be determined by
the Editorial Board.

8. That actual publication under the provisions of this report be
inaugurated as soon as possible.

It will be seen from the above that all members will receive
the number containing the full proceedings of the meetings
free, and upon payment of One Dollar the entire annals ;
while the regular subscription price to non-members will be
$3.00.

A resolution was passed limiting the number of Fellows
for the present ten per cent, of the membership.

The meeting then adjourned, to meet next December in
Baltimore.

94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [Feb., '08

During the sessions the Executive Committee elected the
following Fellows : Justus Watson Folsom, William Joseph
Holland, Clarence Preston Gillette, Lawrence Bruner, Mark
Vernon Slingerland, Henry Clinton Fall, Charles Lester Mar-
latt.

The following were elected members: G. E. Sanders, Ur-
bana, 111.; G. D. Shafer, Ithaca, N. Y. ; Dr. J. A. Nelson,
Ithaca, N. Y. ; A. G. Hammar, Ithaca, N. Y. ; William H.
Blatchley, Indianapolis, Ind. ; A. B. Wolcott, Chicago, 111. ;
E. S. Worsham, Atlanta, Ga. ; R. W. Harned, Ag. College,
Miss.; Dr. Alex. Petrunkevitch, Short Hills, N. J. ; Prof. T.
D. A. Cockerell, Boulder, Colo. ; Wilmon Newell, Baton
Rouge, La. ; J. C. Hambleton, Columbus, Ohio ; G. Ainslee,
South Anthony Park, Minn. ; L. H. Weld, Evanston, 111. ;
Prof. B. H. Guilbeau, Baton Rouge, La. ; J. Zetek, Urbana,
111.; Prof. S. W. Williston, Chicago, III; C. F. Curtis
Riley, Mankato, Minn. ; Dr. J. F. Abbott, St. Louis, Minn. ;
W. S. Fisher, Harrisburg, Pa.

During the sessions an exhibit of entomological specimens
and materials was open for the inspection of those interested.
The titles of the exhibit are given below :

Some Enlarged Photographs of Fossil Insects. CHARLES T. BRUES.
New Devices in Economic Entomology. W. E. HINDS.
Stereoscopic Pictures of Insects. PROFESSOR F. L. WASHBURN. '
Dimorph of Chaitopliora negundinis Thos. JOHN J. DAVIS.

Case of Fall Webworm Moths (Hyphantria tcxtor and H. cunca.)
Showing Range of Variation of the Latter ; Inflated Larvae. HENRY
H. LYMAN.

Entomological Specimens and Equipment ; Interesting Insects from
Mexico, Cuba, and Indo-Australia; New Species of Dynasics, etc.
DR. G. LAGAI.

Stereoscopic Photographs of Oryssidse Taken with the Camera At-
tachment to the Zeiss Greenough Binocular Microscope. Mouth Parts
of Siricidse. J. CHESTER BRADLEY.

Stereoscopic Photograph of a Tcnebrionid Beetle Taken with an
Ordinary Camera Using an Eccentric Diaphragm. C. R. CROSBY AND
J. C. BRADLEY.

J. C. BRADLEY,

Secretary- Treasurer.

MARCH, 1908.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Vol. XIX.

No. 3.

Halter americana Cockerell.

EDITOR :

HENRY SKINNER, M. D.
PHILIP P. CALVERT, Ph.D., Associate Editor.

EZKA T. CRESSON.
l. IP LAURENT.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE:

HENRY L. VIERKCK. J. A. G. REHN.

WILLIAM J. FOX. H. W. WENZEL.

PHILADELPHIA:

ENTOMOLOGICAL ROOMS OF

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

LOGAN SQUARE.

Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as Second-Claw Matter.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Published monthly, excepting August and September, in charge of the Entom>-
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and the American Entomological Society.

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION, $1.OO IN ADVANCE.

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NEW ARRIVALS.

Having received a large shipment of Lepidoptera from
Assam and Upper Burma, containing Papilios and other
desirable species, including several varieties of Satur-
niidae, which will be sold at very reasonable prices

perfect specimens in papers, containing many Papilios,
including Papilio parts, Papilio helenus, and many other
desirable species ; fifty different specimens ; no duplicates.

ONE DOZEN PAPILIOS, ALL PERFECT $2.25

Other rare specimens at reasonable prices.
Send for list and prices.

JOHN H. MATTHEWS, 3219 N. 13th Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

ARIZONA INSECTS.

Will collect in most orders or families or season's catch. Also in botany,
especially cactii and herpetology reptiles and amphibians if notified early in
the season. Agent for sale of Coleoptera, Mr. L. H. Joutel, 164 E. uyth St.,
New York City.

DR. R. E. KUNZE, Phoenix, Arizona.
CATALOGUE OF THE

NEUROPTEROID INSECTS

(EXCEPT ODONATA)

OF THE UNITED STATES
BY NATHAN BANKS

Complete to Summer of 1907 Price 50 els. (nit) per copy Mailed on receipt of price

E. T. CRESSON, Treasurer,

P. O. Box 248, Philadelphia, Pa.

When Writing Please Mention "Entomological Newtt."

E\T. NEWS, VOL. XIX.

PI. VI.

ORTALIDAE AND TRYPETIDAE (CRESSON).

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

AND

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA.

VOL. XIX. MARCH, 1908. No. 3.

CONTENTS:

Cresson, Jr. Two New Species belong-
ing to the Dipterous Families Ortal-
idae and Trypetidae from Dutch
Guiana, with Notes on others of

these Groups 95

Braun New species of Lithocolletis . . 99
Brimley Male Polistes annularis Sur-
vive the Winter 107

Wolley Dod Argvnnis astarte, Doubl.-
Hew., and other High Mountain

Butterflies 108

Rowley Notes on Catocala 115

Houghton Notes on Necrophorus or-

bicollis Say 120

Woodworth Winged Aphids 122

Wolley Dod Further Notes on Alberta

Lepidoptera 124

Cockerell A Fossil Orthopterous In-
sect with the Media and Cubitus
Fusing 126

Pearsall Two New Species of Eupith-

ecia Curtis 128

Oestlund Chaitophorus Testudinatus

in America 131

Girault An Aphid Feeding on Coc-

cinellid Eggs 132

Brimley Notes on Some Neuropteroids

from Raleigh. N. C 133

Brimley North Carolina Records of

Odonata for 1906 and 1907 134

Riley The Abnormal Appearance of

External Wing-buds in Larvae of

Holometabolous Insects 136

Editorial 14

Notes and News 141

Doings of Societies 142

Obituary 142

Two New Species belonging to the Dipterous Fami-
lies Ortalidae and Trypetidae from Dutch Guiana,
with Notes on others of these Groups.

BY E. T. CRESSON, JR.

(Plate VI.)

This material, in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, was collected by Miss K. Mayo in Dutch
Guiana in the year 1905, except those from Idaho by Dr. H.
Skinner in 1905. The South American species of these groups
have been but little studied, and for that reason I have been
fuller in my descriptions.

ZEUGMA gen. nov.

Head broader than high ; occiput flat ; eyes large ; front nar-
row ; orbits parallel, ocelli removed from vertex and widely
separated ; the anterior ocellus about equidistant from vertex
and antennae ; vertex with stout outer- and inner-vertical
bristles. Antennae, situated below middle line of eyes, longer
than the face, with third joint elongate ; arista minutely pubes-

95

g6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

cent. Face concaved ; fovese and carina indistinct. Proboscis
short, thick.

Thorax with the following bristles : 2 pairs post-dorso-cen-
trals, two post-alar, one supra-alar, two noto-pleurals, one hum-
eral, no sternopleural, a fine hair in place of the propleural.
Mesonotum flattened posteriorly ; metanotum slightly oblique
and convex. Scutellum flat, with four bristles.

Abdomen 9 ovate ; first segment somewhat slender at base.
Legs stout, but only middle femora thickened basally ; all fem-
ora, especially the posterior pair, with a series of short spines
beneath towards apex ; middle tibire alone spurred at apex.
Wings with first vein bare, and approximated to the auxiliary ;
small cross vein is before the middle of discal cell ; third and
fourth veins parallel ; anal cell obtuse.

This ortalid genus evidently belongs in the subfamily Rich-
ardiinse somewhere near the genus Hcmi.vontha Lw., from
which it differs mainly in the basal position of the small cross
vein. The type is the following species.

Zeugma palposa sp. nov. (Plate VI, Fig: i.)

9 Rufous, with bluish-black abdomen. Lateral vertical angles of front,
and the ocellar region, shining, otherwise front is opaque; one pair of
fronto-orbital bristles which are above the level of anterior ocellus.
Frontal orbits towards antennae, orbits of face, cheeks, lower part of
occiput, and an oblique line across occiput from lower part of posterior
orbits to neck, silvery. Face more yellowish than front, with a brownish
spot on each side near the oral margin ; clypeus yellowish. Antennae yel-
lowish-brown ; third joint darker at apex, about five or six times as
long as the second, widest at base and tapering slightly to a rounded
apex. Palpi distinctly flabellate, yellow at base, whitish at its very broad
tip, with a brown transverse median band, entirely silvery in certain
reflections. Lateral turgid portion of the occiput black. Mesonotum sub-
opaque, blackish in the middle of the anterior margin, with a median
and lateral whitish pollinose stripe. Pleura polished, black, yellow pol-
linose near the coxae ; metanotum shining, rufous ; halteres yellow. Ab-
domen shining, with short appressed hairs ; ovipositor polished, the
first joint not as wide, but nearly as long, as the two last abdominal seg-
ments. Legs yellow, with brownish femora bearing black spines ; the
hind femora are somewhat constricted or indented near the bases on
the inside. Wings hyaline, without spots. Length 7 mm.

One specimen. Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana (K. Mayo).

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 97

Xanthacrona tuberosa n. sp. (Plate VI, Figs. 2, 3.)

9 Yellowish-rufous ; the ocellar tubercle, a spot on the mesonotum
near the lateral roots of the scutellum, a narrow, short longitudinal
stripe above the roots of wings, three spots on the scutellum, the nar-
row posterior margins of the abdominal segments and all bristles, black.
Front opaque, bristles to the base of antennae. Face more whitish yellow,
opaque. Antennae nearly as long as face; third joint broad and about
six times as long as second, one-half its length in width, slightly con-
caved on the upper margin, apex rounded; arista brown. Cheeks about
one-sixth of eye-height in width. Occiput shining. Thorax shining;
two pairs of dorso-centrals, one sternopleural, but no propleural bristles.
Scutellum polished, with four bristles, very much swollen, especially
above, in form of two black, wart-like tubercles which project somewhat
anteriorly over the mesonotum; each of these tubercles has a narrow
black stripe running latero-posteriorly underneath to the metanotum ; a
third, but less pronounced, forms the median apex of the scutellum,
also black. Halteres yellow. Abdomen shorter than the wings ; first
joint of ovipositor as wide as, but not longer than, the last two ab-
dominal segments. Legs entirely yellow. Wings simliar to X. hi-
fi us tula v. d. W. ; first vein bare. Length 4.5 mm.

One specimen. Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana (K. Mayo).

This species differs from the typical description in the fol-
lowing points : front bristles on the sides to base of antenna ;
antenna; nearly as long as face; scutellum with four bristles.
In other respects it seemingly agrees. The remarkable tuber-
culated scutellum is merely a more developed form of the two
black pustules characterized in the specific description of pus-
tula v. d. W. (Biologia, Dipt. II, pp. 329). The wing-design
can be readily seen from the figure given ; the darker portion
being grayish or black, while the remaining shaded portion is
yellow. In general design this wing agrees with van der Wulp's
species ; therefore taking all together this species is no doubt a
Xanthacrona.

It is well to mention here, that this genus is closely allied
to Myennis R. D., differing, as van der Wulp mentions, but not
as to the number of its scutellar bristles. There are still more
important variations, as for instance : the position of the small
cross vein in relation to the discal cell, and the long drawn out
lobe of the anal cell of the genus Myennis R. D.

98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

Helieria obscnricornis Lw. (Plate VI, Figs. 4, 5.)

Ceroxys Loew, Mon. N. A. Dipt., Ill, 126, 1873.
Melieria Coquillett, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., VIII, 22, 1900.

Seventeen , six 9 , Springfield, Idaho (Skinner).

Two and five 9 of this series agree well with the typical
description of this species, excepting that the antennae are not
brownish-black, but entirely rufous, infuscate sometimes at
apex. The remaining sixteen approach ochricornis Lw. in hav-
ing the costal spot above and that on the small cross vein more
or less confluent, and the somewhat distinct marginal bands on
the abdominal segments. On the other hand, the first, or basal
wing-spot extends to the costa, showing a tendency towards
simiHs Lw. ; but this latter species seems very distinct in having
the marginal bands of abdominal segments very wide and dis-
tinct.

The following is a typical description of these specimens,
which I think well to give :

Front translucent yellow, orbits, vertex, face, cheeks, and occiput,
whitish-yellow pollinose ; one or two pairs fronto-orbital bristles near
vertex. Antennae rufous; third joint sometimes infuscate at apex; arista
blackish. Fovese brown in the middle. Palpi yellow. Thorax and scu-
tellum whitish-yellow pollinose, with black bristles. Halteres white.
Abdomen widest at second segment, gradually tapering to the apex,
more grayish ; posterior margins of segments 2-4 sometimes narrowly
brownish ; fifth segment of $ widened somewhat for the broad ovi-
positor, which is like colored, its first joint as long as the fourth and
fifth segments together, gradually tapering to a truncate apex. All
coxae yellow, whitish pollinose; femora and tibiae rufous; tarsi more
or less infuscate. Wings yellowish hyaline; veins yellow except at the
spot ; the design as figured in Loew's Monographs, Vol. Ill, plate
VIII, figure 20; but the first spot sometimes extends from the costa
to the fifth vein ; the second pair sometimes nearly confluent ; and the
apical cloud more or less confluent with the spot on the posterior cross
vein.

Anastrepa serpentina Wied. (Plate VI, Figs. 6, 7.)
Dacus Wiedmann, Auss. Zweif. II, 521, 1830.
Acrotoxa Loew, Mon. N. A. Dept, III, 227, 1873.

Two <? and two 9 Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana (K. Mayo).

No doubt these are this species, but I will give here a short
description of them as follows :

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 99

Head rufous to yellow ; ocellar tubercle, a spot each side, two spots
on the occiput above the neck, brown or black; two pairs of lower fron-
tal bristles; antennae nearly as long as face, third joint about four times
as long as second. Thorax blackish-brown, rufous below, marked with
light yellow as follows : mesonotum with a median stripe, which is
broad behind and attenuated anteriorly, sometimes this stripe is mar-
gined with deeper yellow; a stripe each side of this, behind the su-
ture and turning sharply inwards at the suture; humeri and stripes to
base of each wing; a large spot behind the wings connected with the
middle by another stripe ; a short stripe along the upper margin of the
sternopleura. Metanotum polished, black. Scutellum, except base, whit-
ish, with four bristles. Halteres yellow. Abdomen black or brown, but
base of first and second and a median stripe on the third and fourth,
which broadens to nearly the entire width of fifth and sixth segments,
yellow. Ovipositor rufous, not flattened, tapering, as long as abdomen.
Legs rufous to yellow. Wings as figured, the lightly shaded portions
being yellow and the darker portions dark brown.

Anastrepa pseudoparallela Loew?

Trypeta (acrotoxa} Loew Mon. N. A. Dipt., Ill, 230, 1873.
One 9 Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana (Mayo) which is crushed
too much for certain identification. It may be fraterculus
Wied., but only the male has been described, and as this speci-
men agrees more with this species in regard to the length of
the ovipositor, I have so determined it.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.
Fig. i. Zeugma palposa, lateral view of head.
Fig. 2. Xanthacrona tuberosa, lateral aspect of scutellum and thoracic

dorsum.

Fig. 3. Xanthacrona tuberosa, wing.
Fig. 4. Melieria obscuricornis, wing.
Fig. 5. Melieria obscuricornis, thoracic chaetotaxy.
Fig. 6. Anastrepa scrpcntina, wing.
Fig. 7. Anastrepa scrpcntina, thoracic chaetotaxy.

New Species of Lithocolletis.

BY ANNETTE F. BRAUN.
Lithocolletis trinotella sp. nov.

Palpi, face, tuft and antennae glistening snow-white; antennae faintly
annulate above with ocherous. Thorax and basal two-thirds of the
forewings glistening white, below the fold somewhat suffused with ycl-

\

ioo ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

low ; apical third of the wings pale golden. A pale golden basal streak
begins on the costa, extends nearly parallel to the costa for one-fourth
the wing length, then is bent downward and passes parallel to the fold
into the golden apical portion of the wing. In the apical portion, there
are two costal white wedge-shaped streaks and a similar dorsal one just
before the tornus, opposite the first costal streak; all are internally
margined with pale fuscous. A black apical spot. A pale fuscous mar-
ginal line in the cilia. Cilia whitish, faintly tinged with yellow. Ahr
expanse 5mm. Hindwings and cilia whitish. Abdomen pale grayish,
ocherous above, whitish beneath. Legs whitish.

The unique type, a male, was taken in Essex County Park,
N. J., by Mr. W. D. Kearfott, April 27.

Lithocolletis kearfottella sp. nov.

Antennae grayish, darker toward the tips. Palpi shining white, with
a slight golden tinge. Face shining white, with a slight golden tinge ;
tuft reddish saffron, scales darker toward the tips. Thorax and fore-
wings shining reddish saffron. A white band extends across the anter-
ior margin of the thorax, passes over the patagia and is continuous with
a basal white streak. The basal streak extends for one-third the wing
length, nearly parallel to the costa and is dark margined above. Four
costal and three dorsal shining white streaks, all dark margined inter-
nally. The first costal streak, at the basal third, is placed very ob-
liquely, and is produced along the costa to the basal fourth. The first
dorsal streak, at the basal fourth, is very large and very oblique. Near
the costa its apex sometimes unites with that of the first costal streak,
forming a very acute angle. The remaining three costal streaks are
placed at equal distances from each other and from the first costal streak.
The second costal streak is almost perpendicular to the costa and wedge-
shaped. Opposite to it on the dorsum, before the tornus, is the larger
almost perpendicularly placed wedge-shaped second dorsal streak. The
third costal streak is inwardly oblique, curved, its apex pointing toward
the apex of the third dorsal streak which is small, wedge-shaped and
placed beyond the tornus. The fourth costal streak is very oblique and
curved. A large black apical dot. A brown line in the cilia extending
from the fourth costal streak around the apex to the third dorsal streak.
Cilia grayish. Just below the fourth costal streak, there is a darker
brownish streak in the cilia, giving the appearance of a hook, as in L.
fitchella Clem., but not as distinct. Alar expanse 7 mm. Hindwings pale
grayish with a slight ocherous tinge. Cilia whitish gray, tinged with
ocherous. Abdomen dark gray above, silvery white beneath. Anal tuft
grayish, ocherous. Legs silvery white slightly shaded with ocherous,
tibiae and tarsi of the first pair very dark brown.

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 101

Three specimens, Montclair, N. J., bred by Mr. W. D. Kear-
fott, from mines on chestnut collected in October, 1901. The
imagols appeared in the following spring.

Lithocolletis malimalifoliella sp. nov.

Antennae gray. Palpi silvery white. Face silvery white. Tuft golden
brown, tipped with dark brown. Thorax and forewings golden brown.
There are three longitudinal, stripes on the thorax, one median, the
other two passing over the patagia and continuous with a median white
basal streak, ending at one-third the wing length and dark margined
above and around the tip behind. The dorsal margin is also white for a
short distance. There are three costal and two dorsal white streaks
of which the dorsal are the larger, all dark margined before, and the
first pair dark margined at the tip behind. The first costal, at the basal
third is small, oblique. The first dorsal, at the basal fourth, is very
large, oblique and curved, ending just before the apex of the first costal.
The second costal streak is small, nearly perpendicular, and opposite the
second dorsal, which is triangular, and placed just before the tornus.
The third costal streak, at the same distance from the second as the lat-
ter is from the first, is somewhat oblique, pointing forward. A third
dorsal streak is indicated by the dark margin. An elongate black apical
spot, with a few scattered brown scales before it. Marginal line in the
cilia blackish with a distinct blue luster around the apex. Cilia gray,
brownish around the apex. Alar expanse 5.5-6 mm. Hindwings dark
gray. Cilia gray. Abdomen very dark gray above; silvery white beneath.
Legs gray, hind tarsi blackish, grayish at their bases.

I have bred this species from small tentiform mines on the
underside of apple, Mains mains (L). Britton. The appear-
ance of the mine is entirely different from that of L. blancar-
deila Fab. The mine is much wrinkled, and the leaf is strongly
folded. The parenchyma is eaten in spots, giving the leaf a
speckled appearance on the upper side. The pupa is suspended
in a few silken threads. I also have flown specimens from
Montclair, N. J., which are identical with the bred specimens.

Lithocolletis salicivorella sp. nov.

Antennas pale grayish ocherous, faintly annulate with darker, some-
what darker at the tip. Palpi shining white. Face white. Tuft pale gray
with an ocherous tinge. Thorax and basal third of the forewings ocher-
ous gray. Wings becoming more ocherous towards the apex. A white
band across the anterior margin of the thorax extends across the patagia
and is continuous with a median basal white streak on the forewings.

102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

There is a short dorso-basal white streak, somewhat dilated posteriorly.
The median basal streak is curved downwards, and extends for two-
fifths of the wing length, where it is confluent with the first dorsal
streak, its upper edge uniting with the apex of the first dorsal streak.
A few dark brown scales extend around the apex of the angle thus
formed. There are four costal and three dorsal white streaks. The
first dorsal streak at the basal fourth is very large, oblique and curved.
Internally, it is dark margined just before it unites with the basal
streak, the dark margin being continued around the angle and for a
short distance along the lower side of the basal streak. The extreme
edge of the costa is dark brown for about one-third of the wing length,
where the dark line is deflexed, and continues as the dark margin of
the first costal streak which is narrow, very oblique, its apex extending
to a point just beyond the apex of the first dorsal. The second costal
streak is large, nearly perpendicular, its apex opposite to that of the
second dorsal streak, which is also very large, and placed slightly nearer
the base than the corresponding costal streak, and is somewhat oblique.
The next pair of streaks, of which the dorsal is placed just above the
tornus, are nearly opposite to each other, slightly oblique toward the
base and curved ; their apices nearly meet. These two pairs of streaks
are margined internally with brown scales. Fourth costal streak oblique,
cuved and unmargined. A narrow line of black scales extends from
below the apex of the last costal streak to near the apex of the wing,
and is margined above by a line of white scales. Marginal line in the
cilia dark brown, extending around the apex from the fourth costal
streak to the third dorsal. Cilia grayish ocherous. Alar expanse 7 mm.
Hindwings grayish. Cilia gray, with a fulvous tinge. Abdomen dark gray
above, whitish beneath. Anal tuft grayish ocherous. Legs whitish,
banded and striped with gray.

The unique type, a male of this species, was bred by Mr. W.
D. Kearfott from a much wrinkled mine on the underside of a
willow leaf, collected in Essex County Park, N. J., July 6, 1902.
The imago appeared July 19.

This species is nearest to L. scndderella Frey & Boll, which
it closely resembles in the costal and apical markings.

Lithocolletis tremuloidiella sp. nov.

Antennse dark gray, the joints becoming lighter toward their bases.
Palpi grayish white. Face grayish white. Tuft gray, mixed with white.
Thorax pale reddish brown near the base, becoming more ocherous be-
yond the middle. There is a short median basal white streak, and a
dorso-basal white streak, both thickly dusted with blackish scales, and
uniting with the first dorsal streak. There are five costal and five dorsal

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 103

white streaks, all dark margined internally and more or less dusted with
blackish scales, the last two pair, however, not dusted. These streaks
are situated as follows : a large oblique white costal streak at the basal
fifth, attaining the middle of the wing and prolonged backward; nearer
the base an oblique dorsal streak, almost meeting the first costal before
the middle; the second costal streak also oblique; the second dorsal
streak nearer the base than the second costal, large, oblique, strongly
constricted just below the fold, and uniting with the apices of the first
and second costal streaks ; third costal and third dorsal streaks nearly
opposite, less oblique, their apices separated by a narrow prolongation
of the blackish internal margin. The fourth costal and dorsal streaks,
of which the costal is at the apical fourth, the dorsal at the tornus,
form an inwardly convex white fascia. Fifth costal and dorsal streaks
also form a curved white fascia. An irregular blackish apical spot.
Marginal line in the cilia blackish with a bluish luster. Cilia gray. Alar
expanse 9-10.5 mm. Hindwings gray. Cilia gray with a reddish tinge.
Abdomen dark gray above, grayish white beneath. Anal tuft grayish
ocherous. Legs dark gray, tips of the tarsi lighter.

Described from specimens bred by Mr. W. D. Kearfott from
tentiform mines on the underside of leaves of Populns treinn-
loidcs Michx., received from Mr. J. W. Cockle, Kaslo, B. C,
Aug. 26, 1907. The images appeared during the same month.
The mine is large (for an underside Lithocolletis mine), oval,
and with a fine fold through its long axis. It closely resembles
the mine of L. salicifoliclla. on poplar, bvit is very much larger.

There is considerable variation in the extent of the white
markings ; sometimes the fascia formed by the fourth pair of
streaks is interrupted, and the fascia just before the apex does
not reach the inner margin.

This species is very close to L. salicifoliclla in the character
and arrangement of markings ; but may be distinguished from
it by the much greater expanse, the slightly shining and more
reddish ground color of the forewings, the slightly less oblique
position of the white streaks, and by the noticeable bluish luster
of the marginal line in the cilia. The specimens which appear
in August are densely dusted, in this respect differing from the
corresponding brood of L. salicifoliclla.

Possibly this may be the species from Colorado, which Cham-
bers doubtfully identifies as L. salicifoliclla. (Cin. Quart. Jn.
Sci., II, 302, 1875)

104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

By some mistake this species has been referred to as Lithocol-
letis populiella Chambers by Mr. Busck in his paper "Tineid
Moths from British Columbia" (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,.
XXVII, 770, 1904) and by Dr. Harrison G. Dyar in "Lepidop-
tera of the Kootenai District" (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVII,
937, 1904)-
Lithocolletis saccharella sp. nov.

Antennas pale ocherous, beyond the basal third annulate with dark ;
several joints toward the tip dark. Palpi shining white. Face shining
white. Tuft whitish, golden toward the sides. Thorax and forewings
ocherous. A white stripe on each side of the middle of the thorax is
continuous with a very oblique curved white streak at the inner angle of
the forewing. This streak, which is sometimes dark margined behind,
extends to the fold and is usually prolonged along the fold to unite
with the first dorsal streak. The first dorsal streak begins at the basal
fifth, is oblique and curved, and extends slightly more than half way
across the wing. The second dorsal streak, at about the middle of the
dorsal margin, is also oblique and curved, and near the costa, its apex
meets that of the first costal streak, which is short, oblique and placed
slightly beyond the middle; thus forming an acutely angled, interrupted
fascia. The second costal streak, at the apical fourth, is sometimes al-
most overlaid with black scales. Above the dorsal cilia is a long oblique
white streak. All the streaks" are dark margined externally. Apical
portion white dusted with black. There is considerable variation in the
extent of the black dusting, which sometimes extends to the tornus.
Marginal line in the cilia brownish ocherous. Cilia pale ocherous. Alar
expanse 5-7 mm. Hindwings pale grayish ocherous. Cilia pale ocherous.
Abdomen gray above, pale ocherous below. Anal tuft ocherous. Legs
whitish. Hind tarsi faintly tipped with black.

Described from specimens bred at Cincinnati, Ohio. I also
have specimens taken in Essex Co. Park, N. J., by Mr. W. D.
Kearfott.

The mines of this species are very common on Sugar Maples,
Acer saccharum, Marsh, and Acer nigrum Michx., as many as
25 or 30 mines sometimes occurring on one leaf. The mine is
a small irregular blotch on the upper side. The pupa is not en-
closed in a cocoon. The images appear from May to June
and again in August.

Mr. Chambers (Can. Ent. Ill, 130, 1871) confused this
species with L. accriella Clem., which it in no way resembles.

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 105

Lithocolletis agrifoliella sp. nov.

Antennas pale ocherous, spotted with brown above, the last five spots
more widely separated. Palpi yellowish white, dark brown externally.
Face yellowish white. Tuft yellowish in the middle, brown at the
sides. Thorax reddish ocherous, with a few dark scales on the patagia.
Forewings reddish ocherous, somewhat shining. At the basal fourth
is a perpendicular white dorsal streak dark margined externally and
reaching to the fold. A little farther back is a nearly perpendicularly
placed white costal streak, convex outwardly beneath the costa and also
attaining the fold, slightly beyond the dorsal streak; it is strongly dark
margined externally; its short internal straight dark margin is opposite
the external dark margin of the first dorsal streak. Near the base, the
costal portion of the wing is of a smoky hue. Placed diagonally across
the wing toward the base on a line with the internal edging of the first
costal streak are two black transverse spots, the first just above the fold,
and the second nearer the base just below the fold; sometimes with a
few whitish scales internally. At about the middle of the wing length
is a broad oblique costal streak, internally dark margined near the costa,
and its external dark dusting continued as the external dusting of a
much narrower dorsal streak, whose apex just meets that of the costal.
At the angle, the dusting is very dense on a white ground, and is con-
tinued backward as a broad band, nearly one-half the breadth of the
wing, to a point between the third costal and dorsal streaks The third
costal streak, which is sometimes a spot, not touching the costa, is in-
wardly oblique and externally dark margined. Opposite it is a long ob-
lique dorsal streak, whose external dark margin is continued into the
dusted apex, and which usually unites with a sickle-shaped costal streak,
lying above the dusted apex, and concave toward the costa. The dark
margin of the third costal streak is sometimes continued along the
costa to this last streak. Cilia ocherous, with a dark brown hinder mar-
ginal line through their middle. Alar expanse 7-5-9 mm. Hindwings
gray, with a bluish metallic luster. Cilia fulvous. Abdomen
dark bluish metallic above in the male, pale yellowish beneath, with a
median line and diagonal marks on each segment dark. In the female
with the last two or three segments and tuft ocherous, pale ocherous
beneath, and marked as in the male. Legs whitish, the first two pair an-
nulate with black ; hind tibiae shaded with ocherous and black scales,
tarsi tipped with black.

Mills College, Alameda County, California.

Described from specimens bred from leaves of Qucrcns
agrifolia Nee. received from Mr. G. R. Pilate. The mine is a
whitish, somewhat irregular blotch on the upper side of the
leaf. The pupa is formed under a flat nearly circular semi-

106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

transparent web, the upper epidermis, as is usual, being thrown
into a longitudinal fold.

This species is very near to umbellulariae Wlsm. The most
marked difference is the absence of the costal and dorsal basal
white patches characteristic of that species.

Lithocolletis platanoidiella sp. nov.

Antennae whitish, banded with brown above. Palpi shining white.
Face shining white, with a slight golden lustre. Tuft golden. Thorax
and forewings deep shining ocherous. Extreme edge of the costa to-
ward the base black. The first costal streak at the basal fourth, short,
oblique and outwardly dark margined. The second costal streak, at the
middle of the wing length, is also oblique, and its apex meets that of
the longer corresponding dorsal streak, which begins at the middle of
the dorsal margin, somewhat nearer the base than the costal streak.
There is thus formed an interrupted, angulated white fascia, of which
the external dark dusting is continuous, and is prolonged backward to
the space between the third costal and the second dorsal streaks. These
latter streaks are placed opposite to each other, the costal at the apical
third, the dorsal at the tornus, and both are dark margined behind.
Fourth costal streak somewhat oblique, pointing forward, and dark
margined behind by a few black scales. Apical portion white, dusted
with black scales. This dusted portion forms an almost rectangular
area. At the base of the costal cilia, but not extending through them,
and anterior to the dusted apex, is a small white streak. Marginal line
in the cilia brown. Cilia ocherous around the apex, becoming gray to-
ward the tornus. Alar expanse 6.5-8 mm. Hindwings gray. Cilia gray,
tinged with reddish. Abdomen gray above, shining silvery ocherous
beneath. Anal tuft ocherous. Legs. Front legs dark brown above, with
a narrow white stripe beneath. Tarsi white at their bases. Middle and
hind legs whitish ocherous, their tarsi tipped with black.

I have bred this species at Cincinnati, O., from blotch mines
on the upper surface of leaves of several species of oak, viz.
Qucrcus alba L., Qucrcus macrocarpa Michx., Qncrcns platan-
aides (Lam.). The larva is of the flat type, and when mature,
spins an oval flat silken cocoon. The images appear in August.
The larva of the fall brood hibernate in silken-lined chambers.

This species superficially resembles L. bctlninclla Cham., from
which it can be distinguished by the absence of the dorsal streak
at the basal fourth and by the presence of two costal streaks
beyond the fascia, there being but one such streak in L. bethit-
nella.

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 107

Lithocolletis arcuella sp. nov.

Antennas whitish, annulate with brown above, tips blackish. Palpi
silvery white. Face silvery white, slightly tinged with golden. Tuft yel-
low, mixed with orange at the sides. Thorax and forewings shining
reddish orange, w r ith glistening white markings. There are three costal
and three dorsal white spots, the second pair uniting to form a fascia;
all black-margined externally. The first costal spot at the basal third
is short and broad, its dark margin, passing around its apex, almost en-
closes it. The first dorsal, almost square, begins nearer the base than
the first costal, and extends half way across the wing. A broad white
angulated fascia at about the middle, black-margined externally and on
the costa internally. Third costal streak strongly arcuate and opposite
the more triangular dorsal streak; the external dusting densest im-
mediately behind their apices. Apical portion densely dusted with
blackish-brown scales, and bordered internally by an indistinct out-
wardly concave streak of silvery scales. Marginal line in cilia brownish.
Cilia golden, becoming grayish towards the tornus. Alar expanse 10 mm.
Hindwings bronzy gray, cilia gray. Abdomen bronzy gray above, silvery
beneath. Anal tuft reddish. Legs, except the first pair, ocherous, tarsi
whitish and unspotted. First pair striped with dark gray, tarsi banded
with gray.

One specimen taken at Mountain Lake, Giles Co., Va., June
20, 1907. A very large and distinctly marked species, belong-
ing to the same group as L. bethiinclla, Cham.

Male Polistes annularis Survive the Winter.

BY C. S. BRIMLEY, Raleigh, N. C.

Finding among my pinned wasps some male Polistes taken
in December and January, I kept notes of all the Polistes
taken while hibernating during the winter of 1906-7, with the
following results :

November 29, 1906. Fifty-four Polistes taken, of which
twenty were male annularis and thirty-one females of the
same species ; three were females of other species.

December 4, 1906. Fifty-seven taken, of which one was a
male annularis and the rest females of other species.

February 8, 1907. One hundred and thirteen taken, of
which fifty were males and fifty-six females of annularis and
seven females of other species.

March 22, 1907. Three males and two females of annularis
taken on the wing. On March 26th two more male annularis
taken, also on the wing.

io8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

Argynnis astarte, Doubl.-Hew., and other High

Mountain Butterflies.
BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, Millarville, Alberta.

In Can. Ent., xl, p. 14, January of the present year, is an
article by Dr. Henry Skinner, expressing regret that so few
definitely specified localities for Argynnis astarte have ever
been recorded. As some notes of mine on this and other
Alberta species will shortly appear in those pages, I thought
I would take the opportunity of dealing more fully with the
habitats and habits of some of the high mountaineers of Brit-
ish America in the NEWS. Were I in Dr. Skinner's position
of never having " been there before," I suppose I should have
felt just the same about the matter, and been quite at a loss,
once arrived at one of the C. P. R. hotels in the Canadian
Rockies, where, when or how to go to the most likely place to
get or even to see astarte in the shortest possible time. Yet
had I not read his article, I should probably not have troubled
to name any exact locality, so confident do I feel that astarte
could be found in a favorable season upon any peak at or above
the timber-line 8000 feet is not necessary round Banff or
Laggan, or the adjacent neighborhood, a few weeks after they
were sufficiently bare of the previous winter's snow.

My first acquaintance with the mountain tops was in 1900,
when I made the trip from Laggan Station to the nearest moun-
tain to the northeast, as that had been pointed out to me a few
years previously by Captain H. J. Elwes, as one which he
thought Mr. Bean had told him was a good one for butterflies. /
Mr. Bean's " low, smooth mountain directly north of Laggan '
is very likely this, as the station hands told me he used to go and
camp high up on it for weeks. His mountain " three miles
southwest of Laggan, 8500 feet," is very likely Piran, or St.
Piran, as it is called on some maps, of which the latest com-
puted height is 8610 feet. Well, I got there ; and just below
the summit I got a portion, about half the central half of an
astarte $ . If the rest of him had been anywhere near, it would
probably have assisted him better to keep out of my way, and
I should not have got him. On the top ridge, a long, even

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 109

shaly slope, suitable for running hundred-yard races, I saw
a few more and caught a fresh though slightly crippled $
(Eneis beanii. Then in went the sun for the day, and the day
following brought snow. That was on August 8th. I re-
ferred to the locality in Can. Ent., xxxiii, p. 161, as Slate
Mountain (I wrote southeast by mistake), as it and its neigh-
bor to the west were marked on the map as "Slate Range,"
but I have failed to discover whether it has received a definite
name even yet. Four days later I took another in even worse
condition, on the top ridge of Sulphur Mountain just on the
timber line, at about 7200 feet. Mr. Sanson's capture on June
27, 1900, I think the earliest yet recorded, and that near the
Devil's Lake, Banff, was recorded by me in the pages referred to.

On July 18, 1904, after having waited round Lake Louise,
Laggan, in company with Mrs. Nicholl for two days, wait-
ing for a gleam of sunshine and breath of warm air, and
sitting on snow-drifts to try and keep warm, I started alone on
another visit to the "Slate Mountain" in most unpromising
weather. It did no better than it promised either, and the
most interesting thing I found was a pair of ptarmigan with
a young brood which, by-the-way, are less afraid of a man
than the average barn-door fowls. If anyone contemplates
making a trip to that mountain for butterflies and back in a
day, my advice is don't ! It is nearly three miles from Lake
Louise to the station, and three more through burnt and fallen
timber to the foot of the mountain. There are others far easier
of access and probably equally prolific or more so.

On the day following the sky had almost completely cleared,
and I piloted Mrs. Nicholl up the trail to Saddle Back, about
two miles from Lake Louise chalet. It was there on a grassy
and heathery slope that I had taken what I never believe is
C alias strcckeri and which I recorded as nastes, and C. pelidne
var. skinner i, and a worn specimen of Chrysophanus snoui.
But that had been nearly three weeks later, and now the pre-
vious winter's snow had evidently not been long off the ground,
and there was nothing to be seen. As I had brought Mrs.
Nicholl up that height rather against her inclinations, I felt
somewhat disgusted. We sat down on a fallen log (we were

no ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

at about 7000 feet, a little below the limit of timber) and
thought. We were in between two peaks, Fairview 8875 feet,
according to the map I had consulted, and Saddle Peak 7900
feet. Presently Mrs. Nicholl asked, " Which of these is the
most likely peak for astarte ?' I had been at L,aggan before
and she had not, so I felt bound to give advice. "That, I
fancy," I replied pointing to the top of Fairview, some 1900
feet above us. I had no idea that she intended going up, for
the wind was fresh and cold and not a butterfly or moth was
to be seen moving. We appeared to be too early by a fort-
night for so high an elevation. However, she wandered off
in that direction and I still sat and thought.

About an hour later, i. e., at about midday, I espied her close
to the summit. I had now made up my mind that we were wast-
ing time up in this windswept, belated region, and tried to signal
her to return to much lower levels. I failed to catch her atten-
tion, so started off to fetch her back. I had hardly commenced
the ascent when I caught a freshly emerged $ C. skinneri, that
species reaching to barely above the timber line, which at L/ag-
gan averages about 7200 feet. I had yet to go within about
500 feet of the summit when whiz ! flash ! What was that ?
A red butterfly. Astarte ? That cannot have had the temer-
ity to emerge from the pupa up here already this wintry sea-
son ! Mrs. Nicholl will be interested to hear I have seen some-
thing reminding me of astarte. I hurried up to the peak.
The wind had now dropped, or else I had got above it. The
huge loose rocks with which the mountain top seemed to be
piled up, caught and reflected the sun's heat and I seemed to
have reached a different climate. I soon caught sight of Mrs.
Nicholl flourishing the net. "Hello! Why didn't you come
up long ago? Astarte swarms. I've been having grand sport
for the last hour." And sure enough, there they were in
dozens ! But how they flew ! Now dodging around the rocks,
then whiz ! Flash ! Over cliff or else straight away out of
sight as though one had a train to catch, and not another
chance for a week. Sometimes two or three would meet and
fly almost vertically upwards, gyrating around one another
to a height of 50 or 100 feet, then separate and descend still

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. in

more quickly though less vertically in different directions.
Occasionally one. would settle on a rock, but if ever I did man-
age to get within striking distance I generally missed, so
quickly do they dodge. It is a great exertion to climb 3000
feet from the hotel to the regions of astarte. It is a great sight
when there to see astarte on the wing, common. But it is a
greater feat when seen, to catch it ! " Look ! there goes one.
He's off ! There's another. Look ! Two ! Behind you ! "
Indeed, at times they seem everywhere at once, and then per-
haps ten or fifteen minutes you may not see more than one,
passing like a flash. Between us, I think, we got ten in a
couple of hours, but then we were paying attention to Argyn-
nis alberta, Oeneis beanii and Chrysophanus snozvz, as well, and,
the writer especially, had an eye to moths also. Astarte is such
a brute to catch, and there are several other good things to be
had round the peaks, so that exclusive attention to this species
during one day's visit does not commend itself. Personally,
I w r as always a great muff with the net, and Mrs. Nicholl
more than doubled my catch. It may be that on duller days
with intermittent sunshine and lower temperature, this butterfly
may be easier to capture. I have had no opportunity of trying.

Oeneis beanii was still more common at the same place. It
is decidedly shy of approach, but with extreme caution is not
hard to stalk when at rest and does not make long flights. I
think we got fifteen or twenty on that day in fine condition,
and nearly all males. Astarte were also prime, and males
exclusively.

A. alberta was just out, and though far less common than
the others was much easier to catch. It is not a peak-haunter,
preferring even shaly slopes a few hundred feet lower. I
saw none on the extreme summit. Castle Crags, or rather
the lower ridges leading to them from Fairview, I found
good ground for it and an easy footing for quick movements.
It is a lazy, slow flier and does not like to rise. It often
settles, and from its low-flying habit I have often caught
a netful of shale, either instead of or as well as the butter-
fly. On that day we took about a dozen, both sexes. Later
in the day I found Oeneis beanii and astarte on the wing on
Saddle Peak as late as 5 p. in. It should be remembered that

112 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

the favorite haunts of $ astarte and beanii are either cliffs or
gigantic piles of sharp-edged rocks which make running a yard
absolutely impossible, and quick movements with one's feet in-
advisable, often highly dangerous. This, with the exertion of
climbing, the uncertainty of the weather and the fleetness and
shyness of astarte makes one feel that it is of some value when
caught. Chrysophanus snowi was also to be had in similar situa-
tions to alberta. But this species goes below the timber line.

On the following day, in warmer weather, we made the
ascent of Piran on the opposite side of Lake Louise. There
we found the same four species in equal, if not greater num-
bers, with the addition of Melitaea anicia var. beanii. This
form goes far above the timber line, but does not reach the
summit. The typical anicia is found lower down and there
appears to be gradations through. This, by-the-way, I had
taken on Slate Mountain, as well as Lycaena aquilo which
flies on Piran also, but above and below timber. Here also
we took a few Colias streckeri which was just coming out. This
on a lower ridge leading toward Mt, Victoria. On this ridge
running is safe and easy, and Argynnis alberta, Chrysophanus
snowi, Oeneis beanii, and occasionally Lycaena aquilo are to be
found. Such situations are perhaps the best for catching Oeneis
beanii by reason of the open ground, though more may be
seen higher up. For astarte, $, "Excelsior' must be the
motto. This afternoon Mrs. Nicholl took a 9 down close to
the timber line above the head of Lake Agnes and near the
same place a $ of Colias elis just out. Here end all my per-
sonal experiences with alberta and astarte.

On July 1 6th and i8th of last year I had some success with
Oeneis beanii again on Piran, the first day in dull, cold weather
with a few r glimpses of sunshine. If the sun appeared for a few
seconds, so did beanii. I would mark him down, and even if the
sun went in again at once I frequently caught him, sometimes in
a pill box ! Once I delved down about two feet amongst stones
and got him. On the iSth I took two 9 9 , one near the sum-
mit the other within 200 feet of Lake Agnes, i. e. , about 6950
feet, and quite freshly emerged. I saw the species all over the
south and east sides of the mountains from the timber line up.

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 113

The west side is precipitous. The season was exceptionally
late and astarte evidently not yet out. Neoarctia yarrowi has
more than once been taken on Piran, and today I found a half-
grown larva on a rock which was probably this species, and
several cast skins. The larva refused all food and died. Me-
litaea beanii and Anthocharis creusa were other catches, at and
just above timber.

On July 7th I ascended Mount Stephen, Field, B. C., up to
7500 feet or a little higher. I took a freshly emerged yarrowi
9 sitting on a rock in blazing hot sunshine. It made no at-
tempt to escape, though its wings were dry. I caught CEneis
beanii $ and saw one or two more. A full-fed larva found
several hundred feet above timber produced Lycaena aquilo $
on July sgth. On the 8th I went up Mount Field by way of
Burgess Pass. Here again I took Oeneis beanii and saw three or
four more. That was on a low spur overlooking the railway,
by no means the highest point. Also a full-fed larva which
started to spin within four hours and produced a yarrowi
on July 29th. He crippled very slightly in drying, not seem-
ing to understand climbing up sticks but wanting rocks. The
larva was at rest in the hot sun. Today I got a thirty -yard
view of a goat, which stood and stared at me but did not allow
himself to be caught. On the i3th I made the ascent of a
mountain, probably nameless, about six or eight miles south-
east of Windermere, B. C., by way of what is locally called
" Taggart's Pass." It is timbered practically to the summit,
and probably scarcely over 7000 feet. Result, inter alia, two
or three Oeneis beanii seen quite close but not captured. Pyrgiis
centaureae, one in fine condition, several hundred feet lower.
This, by-the-way, I have from L,ake Agnes, Laggan, much worn,
July 17, 1904. In Edward's Butterflies of North America, iii,
part xv, Mr. Bean writes : " In 1890 I took one pair of Arg.
alberta on a mountain near Hector, B. C., two miles west of
Alberta Province line. On that mountain lives Chionobas brucei,
never yet observed at Laggan, only nine miles distant."

Mrs. Nicholl records both alberta and astarte from Lake
O'Hara, B. C., and the Yoho district. Nowhere there, how-
ever, did she meet with Oeneis brucei, though at my sugars-

H4 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

tion she was even on the lookout for it. Last year, how-
ever, she met with it some way to the north of Laggan. She
writes : ' ' The first place I took it was on a mountain at
the head of the North Fork of the Saskatchewan flying with
beanii ; it was common on all the high mountains north of that.
It is evidently a more northern species than beanii, and I
think harder to catch." I am indebted to her for a good series.
About other species she writes : "I got eleven astarte on the
spurs of Mount Athabasca, and northwards, very fresh, the
last week in July, and alberta fairly swarmed in many places.
.... I got twenty-five in one day on the slopes of Wilcox
Peak. . . . Wilcox Pass, or rather the valley just south of it,
is the headquarters of C. elis, which swarms there, with a few
christina in company. Elis is evidently a northern insect.
It is the commonest Colias on the Athabasca. One Pyrgus
centaureae on Brelahtan Pass in August is the only one I got."
Her record for alberta during 1907 is particularly interesting,
as during six years collecting at Laggan Mr. Bean only met
with it in the even-numbered years, and suggested that it was
biennial in appearance. It may be at Laggan yet, for all any-
one knows, as I have no odd-year records. By-the-way, I
found year-old wings of either this or astarte in a spider's lar-
der under a stone on Mount Stephen. Two very high moun-
taineers, though perhaps scarcely worth climbing after, are
Pamphila comma and Pieris occidentalism I have comma (form
manitoba ?} from 8500 feet, and occidentalis from the actual
summit, over 8600 feet of Mount Piran. I got wildly excited
on viewing four or five of the latter species in the distance
playing round a high ridge on Mount Field, and thought I had
come across a new species.

ON page 84 of the February NEWS, Rlytroleptus floridanus is said to
have been recorded in the East only once before, from Massachusetts.
It might be of interest to some, to know that it has been taken abun-
dantly in this vicinity, for the last five years. It is found on oak leaves,
the last of May and the first of June. NORMAN S. EASTON, Fall River,
Mass.

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 115

Notes on Catocala.

R. R. ROWLEY, Louisiana, Mo.

My work with Catocala in 1907 began on the 23rd of March,
when a batch of eggs of C. unijnga that I had received from
Mr. C. Leonhard of Kearney, N. J., began hatching prema-
turely, prompted, no doubt, by the unusually warm weather that
prevailed from the 2Oth to the 28th, the thermometer rang-
ing for a week from 80 to 90 degrees. A few tender leaflings
had burst their winter coverings in anticipation of an early
spring, but came to grief in the protracted cold weather that
followed.

It taxed me to the utmost to get food for the hungry young
"crawlers" and I was compelled to keep a fire going in the
"bug house" from the last of March to the 8th of May to save
the brood.

The freshly hatched larvae were very slender, span-worm-
like, with large, almost black heads.

The first moult took place on March 28th, five days from
hatching and the caterpillars changed to black with a cream-
colored, middorsal band and an almost white ventral side with
four or five large, round or square black spots along the mid-
dle.

On the 5th and 6th of April the larvae moulted the second
lime, reaching a length of three-fourths of an inch with sides
dark, mottled with a lighter color. The middorsal line, light,
narrow and with a rather large spot of the same color on the
segment beyond the third pair of true legs and another above
the second pair of prolegs. The venter, cream color. A dorsal
hump over the third pair of prolegs.

On the loth of April the third moult occurred, with the
larva nearly an inch long, brownish and grayish in irregular
streaks. The dorsal cream colored line reduced to small sep-
arated sausage-link-like spots, not very distinct.

The fourth moult occurred on the i6th of April, the larva
being a light gray with dorsal hump and dark spot over inter-
space between the 3rd and 4th pairs of prolegs, with a white

n6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

lateral patch on either side, just in front of the black dorsal
spot. A broad, white cross band just back of the 3rd pair of
true legs. Head light gray with a black marginal line down
each side and above. The third pair of prolegs as large and
prominent as the end props. A row of small, middorsal,
rounded, connected white spots with black boundaries. As the
larva lies flat on the stem, it furnishes a strong case of pro-
tective mimicry.

From April 22nd to 24th the fifth moult occurred. Just after
this moult, the larvae vary in length from one and a half to quite
two inches, possessing small, light-colored tubercles, each set
with a bristle and the entire body with a lateral fringe of short
setse.

Head much larger ; the body a little darker than before but
without any black spots. Head with encircling band of black.
Both true and false legs light. Whole body with light and dark
gray longitudinal, irregular stripes or figures.

In the full grown larva the upper lobes of the head inside the
black encircling band, yellowish brown. The ground color be-
comes ashen gray with pale, longitudinal lines, much broken and
irregular. The hump over the ist pair of prolegs quite disap-
pears and the enveloping spot is hardly noticeable. Larva quite
two and a half inches long. Between the fifth moult and ma-
turity fifteen of the fifty larvse died.

The first case or cocoon was spun May the Qth, on the ground
between two leaves. Others spun between folds of paper in
the breeding jars. The first chrysalids on May I4th or I5th,
about an inch and a quarter long, dark brown on dorsal side,
red brown on ventral, abdominal rings, a whitish prunescence
covering the whole pupa. The first two images on June I3th,
the length of pupal stage being 33 days. The last imago on
June 2Oth.

Eggs of Catocala car a began hatching on the 29th of
May. As in C. unijuga, the larvae are very small and slender
and exceedingly active. So much so indeed, that nothing short
of an air-tight box will prevent their escape. The freshly
hatched larva is light brown with somewhat darker head and
rear. About one-fifth of an inch long, rapid in movement and

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 117

much like young span worms. Diameter hardly more than a
No. 40 sewing thread.

Larvae hatched on May 3ist, moulted the first time on June
6th. Before second moult the larva becomes very dark, the lat-
ter half being practically black, the dorsum of the front half
being light brown. On the top side of the body, back of the
prolegs, is a yellow, longitudinal stripe. True feet and prolegs
black. Head small, not black.

After second moult (June loth) the larva is nearly half an
inch long; a dark, almost black band along the side with a
broad middorsal and upper lateral yellow-brown or orange
stripe interrupted only at the hump, over the 3rd and 4th pro-
legs, by a cross black patch. Pro- and true legs straw color.
Head dark.

Just after third moult (June I3th) the larva is about three-
quarters of an inch long, very light yellowish-brown with very
fine, longitudinal lighter lines and deeper yellow-brown at seg-
ment edges. The cross band over third pair of prolegs is red-
brown and marks the dorsal hump. True and prolegs light
brown. Head with black lateral dash to each side.

Just after fourth moult (June I7th) the larva is light yellow-
ish gray with orange tubercles and short bristles. Lateral
fringe of setae. Humped over 2nd pair of prolegs and with
larger twin tubercles over the next to the end segment, form-
ing a hump-like ridge. Head light with lateral black stripe
and yellow lateral prominence. True and prolegs flesh color.
Length one and one-eighth inches.

When fully grown, about two weeks after fifth moult, the
larva is over three inches long and marked much as above
stated. In the breeding jars the larva usually spins among the
willow leaves on the stems, not on the bottom of the jar as do
most Catocala larvas. The pupa is large and covered with a
whitish prunescence.

During the past two summers, I have kept a close watch for
larvas of C. caret on a small willow tree in my back yard and
have been rewarded by finding a number of fine caterpillars.
Small "worms" were sometimes taken on the underside of dead

n8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

twigs while two half grown specimens were found on the bark
at the base of the tree in the shadow of some drooping rasp-
berry leaves. On the underside of a dead branch of some-
what greater diameter than a lead pencil, two well grown larvae
were found.

After the tree had apparently been robbed of all its caterpil-
lars and several days had passed without finding any, in the
folds of a muslin bag tied on a living branch, three mature
larvae were discovered.

A trick was then tried that had proved successful in the
search for Catocala piatri.v larvae. Sticks or dead branches were
leaned against the tree and, in the morning, several larvae were
found on the under side of the sticks.

I am sure that when no shelter is to be found on the tree,
the larvae, after the night's feeding, leave the tree and hide
beneath leaves or find other retreats.

I found this so in C. piatri.v by scattering pasteboard and
folds of paper beneath walnut bushes and in the morning se-
curing the larvse beneath the boards or in the folds of the
paper.

Small larvae of all species of Catocalae, perhaps, are some-
times found in the bark grooves or cracks and, perhaps, al-
ways with the head down and in most cases within three or
four feet of the ground. We have never climbed for any but
hickory species and then only when the rough loose bark ex-
tended beyond reach.

I recall a walnut bush that grew near the edge of a low bank
and the water had worn a hole down among the roots. I thrust
my hand down the hole and felt among the rootlets till I found
a fine large C. piatrLv larva.

On the underside of a willow that had fallen over, a very
large cam '"worm" was discovered near the ground.

Beneath the loose bark of shag-bark hickory, larvae of a
number of species of Catocala can be easily found and usually
near the ground, but sometimes higher if the loose bark ex-
tends upward.

On hickory we have taken larvoe of C. residua, C. habilis,

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 119

C. epione and Mr. E. A. Dodge adds, palaeogama, zidua, re-
tecta and robinsoni.

It is certain that riduata, lachrymosa, Judith and other black-
winged species feed on hickory and perhaps pecan.

We have found the larvae of neogama on walnut and sus-
pect nebulosa has the same food plant.

Our commonest species, innubens, feeds on honey locust as
does also illecta. The latter species was common here in 1900.

Arnica and illia feed on oak.

The late summer of 1907 proved a good Catocala season here
and some rarities were taken. Illecta was noticeably absent.

On the 9th of August I took an imago each of Catocala sub-
nata and dejecta and Mr. Ed. Dodge took one amatri.v and one
Judith. In two seasons there have been but two ainatri.v taken
here. Judith is always rare. On August I2th, at night Mr.
Dodge took one nuptialis at bait. I have never yet taken this
moth.

The only nebulosa taken here last summer, I took on the i8th
of August. The season before we took several specimens of
this fine moth.

On the 5th of August Mr. Ralph Dodge was fortunate
enough to take a fine car a with yellow instead of red on the
hind wing, a peculiar freak in color.

On the 29th of August Mr. Ed. Dodge took C. marmorata,
the first ever taken here, a magnificent specimen.

On the nth of the same month, the writer took the first
viduata he ever saw here and it was the first and only one taken
here this year. From the ist to the I5th of September many
specimens of vidna and robinsoni were taken, the latter, almost
invariably on the bodies of white oak trees.

Specimens of insolabilis and flcbilis were taken in the sum-
mer of 1906 but not in 1907.

On the 29th of June, 1906, I took at bait one consors and
Dodge took one part a. Neither have been taken since.

On the I9th of July, 1906, Ralph Rowley took a single speci-
men of C. coccinata, a species rarely taken anywhere.

All in all, the summer of 1907 was an interesting one en-

120 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

tomologically, hereabout, despite the unfavorable character of
the early part of the season. The time of appearance of all
lepidopters was later than the summer before by from a week
and a half to three weeks, but when butterflies did put in an
appearance they seemed to make up for lost time in numbers.
Papilio cresphontcs and troilus were more numerous than they
had been for years, while turnus and ajax were common.

The great moths Citheronia rcgalis and Eacles imperial-is had
their clay along with the rest and their horrid ( ?) larvae were
brought to the bugman in paper bags and glass jars for identi-
fication, with the query as to just how long a human being
would live after being bitten by one of these venomous ( ?)
creatures.

The year 1881 was a great insect year here as the writer now
remembers it, and about the middle of June thousands of

specimens of Argynnis idalia could be seen poised over wild
flowers or on the wing in the prairie country west of Vandalia,
Mo. Scarcely a dozen specimens of idalia have been seen by
the writer since.

Notes on Necrophorus orbicollis Say.
BY C. O. HOUGHTON, Newark, Del.

While at work about some peach trees in my back yard late
in the evening of May 30, 1906, my attention was attracted to
what I at first thought was the stridulation, at close hand, of
the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst. I was about
to strike a match to look for curculios on the limbs of one of
the peach trees, when I discovered that the noise I had heard
was caused by several specimens of Necrophorus orbicollis Say,
which had congregated about a dead mouse that lay on the
ground beneath the tree.

Wishing to learn something of their movements about the
mouse, and the cause of the stridulation, I secured a candle,
some matches, a box for a seat, and proceeded to investigate.
It was then about 8 o'clock and the moon was shining. The
night was still and the temperature about 60 F.

Just as I was seating myself near the dead mouse a large
beetle came flying about the spot, and on knocking it down

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 121

and securing it I found it to be another specimen of Necro-
phorus orbicollis. While securing this specimen I could plainly
hear the others about the mouse and, in addition to the strid-
ulating sounds, others were heard, as though the various
individuals were engaged in combat, the mandibles of one
grating on the chitinous parts of another ; and this is what
appeared to be taking place when I lighted my candle.

At that time there were five specimens about the mouse and
four of these were fighting, in pairs, close to the carcass.
Their purpose was, evidently, to keep each other from reach-
ing the body of the mouse, and to do this they would seize
each other with their legs, and apparently their mandibles
also, and roll about in a most ludicrous manner, all the time
keeping up their stridulating sounds. At intervals they would
release their holds upon each other and return to the carcass,
only to renew the combat a little later. They did not appear
to mind the light much, especially if it was held at a distance
of a couple of feet or so. However, one took flight after a
short time, possibly owing to the light.

Desirous to know how the stridulating sounds were pro-
duced, I seized one of the beetles with a pair of forceps and
held it up, and it was easy to see that the sound was produced
by a movement of the abdomen, apparently causing the upper
surface of one or more of the abdominal segments to rub
against the elytra.*

I collected four of the beetles about the mouse all that I
could locate ac 8.20 P.M., and left the carcass for nearly an
hour. At 9.10 I again visited the place with my candle, and
was somewhat surprised at first to find the mouse gone from
the spot where it had lain. I soon located it, however, at a
distance of several inches from its former resting place, and
found three more of the beetles, which I collected, about it.

My observations for the night closed at 9.50, when I again
visited the mouse and secured a single beetle.

* Since making these notes, in 1906, the writer has noticed a single reference relative
to stridulation in IVecrophorus, viz., Third Report of the State Entomologist i>! Missouri,
p. 14, where Dr. Riley, in speaking of the stridulating organs of various Coleo|>tera, says:
" In the burying beetles (Necrophoridse) these rasps are situated on the fifth abdominal
joint, and are scraped by the posterior margin of the elytra."

122 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

Winged Aphids.

C. W. WOOD WORTH, Southern California Pathological
Laboratory, Whittier, Jan. i/th, 1908.

In the course of a study of the cabbage aphis, Aphis bras-
sicae, it was noticed that the wilting of the plant resulted in
an immediate slowing down of the birth rate. This season has
thus far been unusually dry in the southern part of the State,
and in almost all fields there have been innumerable cases of
evident diminution in the number of aphids without much
parasitism or sign of fungus or bacterial diseases. A leaf
badly curled and almost entirely covered on one side by the
aphids first shows a spontaneous production of young with
wing pads. When these young have become full grown they
fly away and the leaf becomes ultimately entirely free from the
insects, except perhaps the bodies of a few swollen up parasi-
tized individuals that may still remain and the cast skins that
sometimes cling to the surface.

There may be some connection between these two observa-
tions, since the failure of plant lice to develop wings under
more favorable conditions may be due simply to the rapidity
of development of the rest of the body. After about one day
from the birth of plant lice, those that are to produce wings are
clearly distinguishable. Possibly the delay before birth result-
ing from a partial wilting of the plant, or possibly the short-
age of food for the new-born insect may give the wing buds
time to begin development and to reach a point where they
have an even chance with the other organs of the body.

Professor Clarke has shown* that the common rose aphis,
Siphonophora rosac, can be made to produce wings in the first
generation upon rose cuttings in sand wetted with solutions of
magnesium salts, while nothing else tried showed any effect.
This is a case where there is no diminution in water supply;
either the wing buds were stimulated by the presence of mag-
nesium, or the other parts of the body were retarded. If the
latter is true, it would simply fall in line with the suggestion
made above.

* The Journal of Technology. Vol. i.

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 123

The grape Phylloxera (Phylloxera vastatrix} produces an
abundance of winged individuals in Europe and elsewhere in
the United States, but in California winged forms are extremely
rare. This possibly corresponds with the high ratio that soda
and potash bear to magnesium in our soils.

Mr. O. Butler, of this department, has suggested to me that
since winged forms are produced on the finest roots near the
surface of the ground, their absence in this State might be bet-
ter explained by the almost invariable destruction of such roots
in this dry climate.

The occasional production of broods of winged Phylloxera
may be due to variations in the annual rise and fall of alkali,
thus affecting the ratio of the different salts near the surface of
the ground, thus conforming to the chemical theory of wing
production, or the explanation may be that a better moisture
condition on such years may permit sub-surface rootlets to live
long enough to produce a brood of winged individuals. The
reason for the development of winged forms on these upper
rootlets may be according to the second explanation, the slow
drying out of these parts or their periodical wilting during the
summer resulting in a condition comparable with that occur-
ring now in our cabbage fields.

Similar phenomena occur in this region in the case of num-
erous other species of plant lice. They increase until they
reach a point where the leaf will be brought, by their combined
attack, to a semi-wilted condition, and then all the young sub-
sequently produced will develop wings. Whole trees are thus
sometimes spontaneously freed from plant lice.

It is well known that wing-producing lice develop much more
slowly than those that remain wingless. The present sugges-
tion is that a slower development, either immediately before or
after birth, is the exciting cause of wing formation.-

The foregoing is presented with the hope that others will
make observations, the coming season, of evidence of spontan-
eous wing production and its relation to dry periods or to
excessive infestation of the plant.

124 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, 'oS

Further Notes on Alberta Lepidoptera.

BY F. H. WOLLEY DOD, Millarville, Alberta, Canada.
Argynnis monticola Behr. ?

I have only a single Banff male that could possibly be as-
sociated with this name, and cannot find by what authority I
so listed it, as I do not think the specimen has ever been sent
away for a name. I much regret that Dr. Skinner records the
species from Banff on my authority. Since publishing my list
of butterfies in 1901 I have paid no attention to this specimen
or its associates until now, though I had ample opportunity of
procuring a long series of rhodvpc from British Columbia,
where it is common, had I so desired. As it is I have only four
males, one from Vancouver, two from the Island, and the
fourth from Kaslo. The three coast specimens are much alike,
agree with Dr. Holland's description and, allowing for sexual
differences, with his figures. The color of secondaries beneath
i? very dark, the spots yellowish or slightly silvered only, ex-
cept the marginal row which are distinctly silvered. The Kaslo
specimen is slightly smaller, paler in ground color as well as in
shading above, has paler secondaries beneath, with no trace of
silver on any of the spots, and those on the margin are slightly
larger than in the coast specimens. It agrees in these details
with Holland's figure (underside) and description of monticola
except in having more of a rusty red and less of a purplish
shading on secondaries. Such slight material forms unstable
ground for conjecture, especially as there are not names to fit
both forms in the B. C. lists, but the Banff and Kaslo specimens
are alike, and certainly suggest a distinct species from the
rhodope so common in coast collections. Under rhodope in the
Kootenai lists Dr. Dyar mentions that Mr. Cockle had the
species standing as monticola.

A. halcyone Edw.

I thus listed the species on the authority of Dr. Skinner, who
has specimens from me and enters the record in Supplement No.
i to his Catalogue. I have now under examination, 12 $ and
3 9 . The 9 sex, which I had been unable to compare when
writing my former notes, fits Mr. Edward's figure to a

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 125

nicety. Of outside material allied to the local form I have in my
collection altogether two dozen specimens received from various
localities and collectors under the several names of halcyone,
coronis, chit one, platina and snydcri. Specimens under the last
name resemble my No. 8 less than any of the rest. I do not
vouch for the correctness of the names, and as localities are per-
haps safer than names in speaking of some allied forms of
.Irgynnis I will give them in making comparisons. A 9
from "Oslar, Col." labeled halcyone is more lightly marked and
shaded above, and has buff band beneath, narrower and darker
than any Calgary specimen and marginal row of spots on sec-
ondaries smaller. Coronis from Glenwood Springs, Col., comes
nearer, but like halcyone from Oslar differs in being more
lightly marked and shaded above. Chitone from Yellow-
stone Park, Wyo., six to seven thousand feet, is very slightly
paler above than my palest, but otherwise I can match it exactly.
There remain nine specimens received as platina. These I have
divided in two series, which if not species are at least well
marked local races. The first series consists of two males from
Beaver Canyon. Idaho, and Stockton, Utah, and a female from
Soldier Canyon, Tooele Co., Utah. The first of these is one of
the type localities of platina, comes from Dr. Barnes and agrees
with the description. This series differs from the Calgary
species in being slightly paler in all the details of color and
shading, but more distinctly in having rather larger silver spots
and a wider, buff band. The other series of four males and two
females are from the mountains of Colorado above 8,000 feet
bearing labels "Pinnacle," "Gore's Range" and "Williams River
Range." They are darker and more heavily black-marked and
shaded above, and having the spots smaller and buff band nar-
rower than the other series, fit the Calgary species exactly ex-
cept for size which is very slightly smaller in the males, with the
females relatively smaller still.

LINDSAY SYMINGTON of Looe, Cornwall, England, wishes to corre-
spond with a collector wanting British Lepidoptera, with the idea of ex-
changing British for American species. Specimens set or papered. Full
data and names;

126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

A Fossil Orthopterous Insect with the Media

and Cubitus Fusing.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

The first really fine insect found in the miocene shales of
Florissant (Colorado) by the expedition of 1906 was a large
beautifully spotted Orthopterous wing or tegmen. It was dis-
covered by my wife at Station gL, and was put aside for de-
tailed study, which it has only recently received. The prin-
cipal reason why it was not described sooner was its apparent
resemblance to Lythymnetes guttatus Scudder, and the conse-
quent possibility that it might belong to that species. In
August, 1907, however, I went to Cambridge and examined
the type of Lythymnetes guttatus, finding it to be entirely dif-
ferent from our insect. L/ater, part of a tegmen of L. guttatus
was found in unpacking the collections of 1907 ; it was ob-
tained by Mr. S. A. Rohwer at Station 14. The new 7 form
may take the name Palaeorehnia, in recognition of Mr. Rehn's
important researches upon the Orthoptera.

Palaeorehnia maculata n. g , n. sp.

Tegmen. Exceedingly ample, the portion preserved 39 mm. long and
about 17 across ; the original length must have been over 55 mm. The
venation may be compared with that of Cyrtophillites rogeri Opp., from
the Jurassic of Bavaria. The subcosta is straight, a trifle arched about
its middle, and gives off veins above (three can be seen), more oblique
than those of Cyrtophillites (the costal region probably less ample); the
radius is practically straight (not kinked in the middle as in Cyrtophilli-
tes}, and the radial sector leaves it at the smallest angle possible, running
alongside of it and diverging very slightly, but at length giving off a
branch (the point of origin of this is not visible) which also leaves at a
very slight angle ; the media, so far as visible, is separate from the radius,
but at about 8 mm. from the base it approaches it very closely and proba-
bly joins it a mm. or so further back; the media gives off two oblique
branches below, the first or lower of which (M,,) unites with the anterior
branch of the cubitus for a short distance, at the level of and not far from
the origin of the other branch ; the cubitus, n or 12 mm. from the base,
breaks up into three branches, of which the first bends upward to join
the media (M 2 ), and then leaving it, very soon branches and the upper
ramus of the second branch forks again ; the second and third branches
of the cubitus are gently arched downwards, and appear to reach the
margin without forking ; the anal veins are three in number, the first two
long and strong, not branched, convex above at base, and for the

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 127

rest of their course gently convex below. The veins, as in Cyrto-
phillites, are crossed by numerous transverse veinlets ; these occasionally
branch.

The maculation consists of light spots on a ferruginous-brown ground
of various degrees of darkness ; the spots cluster along the veins, and
are conditioned largely by the transverse veinlets. This maculation is
very different from that of Lythymnetes, in which the spots are mostly
round and midway between the principal veins.

Hab. Florissant; Miocene, Station gL/C^. P. Cockerell,
1906).

The interpretation of the venation of Palaeorehnia was not
at once evident ; the union of the media with the cubitus and
its later departure therefrom, is a confusing character, only
readily understood by comparison with other types. Curiously
this character is present in the ancient and extraordinary in-
sect Eiigereon bockingi Dohrn., from the Permian. The
same character is found in the anterior wings of the Neu-
ropterous Sialis and Raphidia. Among the fossil Orthoptera
the union of the cubitus with the media is found in Cyrto-
pJiyllitcs rogeri, an insect with broad tegmina having many
points of resemblance to Palaeorehnia, together with very im-
portant differences. In the ordinary Acridiidae the cubi-
tus bends upwards toward the lower branch of the media
and at the point of closest approach there is a cross-nerv-
ure. It is perhaps permissible to assume that this indi-
cates descent from a form in which the nervures actually
joined. Among the specimens and figures of recent Orthop-
tera available, I was not able to find any genus in which the
media and cubitus fused in the manner of Palaeorehnia. Mr.
Rehn has very kindly sought for this character among the far
better materials at his command, and has found it essentially
as in Palaeorehnia and Cyrtophyllites, in the Phaneropterid
genus, Tetrachoncha Karsch., 1890. This genus is exclusively
African, with four known species. In the Pseudophyllinae
Mr. Rehn found tendencies to the same condition in a great
number of diverse genera, but in no case true coalescence. In
eighteen genera of Phanopterinae he found tendencies similar
to those just described for Acridiidae ; the character of the
cross- vein varying, the approach being very decided in

128 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

and slightly less so in Philophyllia. The eighteen genera are
as follows: Elimaea (Oriental region), Aniara (Neotropical),
Hyperophora (Neotropical), ALgimia (Mexico and Central
America), Ancylecha (Malay region), Phyglea (Malay region),
Sympaestria (Malay region), Terpnistria (S. Africa), Plagio-
pleura (Neotropical), Hyperphrona (Neotropical), Prosagoga
(Neotropical), Pycnopalpa Neotropical), Syntechnia (Neotrop-
ical), Philophyllia (Neotropical), Ischyra (Neotropical), Posi-
dippus (Neotropical), Weissenbornia (Africa), Pyrgophylax
(Oriental).

The wide distribution of this tendency, together with the
facts already related, would seem to suggest the retention here
and there of an originally common character, rather than the
parallel development of something new. It seems just possi-
ble that Scudder's Cymatomera macidata may be Palaeorehnia ;
the reference to Cymatomera was wholly provisional. The
species was founded on fragments of the base of a tegmen, and
perhaps cannot be certainly recognized.

Two New Species of Eupithecia Curtis.

RICHARD F. PEARSALL.

Of the eastern Eupithecia it seems desirable that the types
of closely allied species should be retained where they may be
accessible for comparison and study in their home region. I
venture therefore to offer descriptions of some which I think
should be classed as new :

Eupithecia conformata n. sp.

Expanse 14-16 mm. Palpi long, not very stout, soiled white with a few
dark gray scales above. Vertex and front grayish white" or white with
two spots of dark gray below antennae, and a border line of same above
clypeus. Antennas dark gray annulate. Thorax, pale gray darker in
front, whitish centrally and on posterior region. Abdomen above pale
gray and brownish scales mixed, whitish at base, on second segment a
lunule of brownish scales often absent, tufts not prominent, dark gray,
anal segment paler. All wings above, clear pale gray, submarginally
darker. Forewings narrow somewhat extended at apex, with three
square costal blotches black, the beginning of cross lines, which consist

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 129

of black dots on the veins more or less distinct. Basal line much
broken, beyond it a pale line divided centrally by a fine darker hair line.
Median line, also broken, turns from costal blotch toward discal dot,
then in waves straight across wing. Extra-discal makes a sharp angle
at costa, then rounds out opposite cell, and with slight inward curve
reaches inner margin two-thirds out. Beyond this a pale line, strongly
angulate at costa, centrally divided by a pale gray hair line, runs
parallel with it across wing, succeeded by a gray shade line, more or
less distinct which sometimes ends in a dusky spot at anal angle. Sub-
marginal white line much waved, not very clear, and lacks the promin-
ent white double dots of misernlata at the anal angle. Hind wings
with inner margin showing the inception of five cross lines, those at
base darkest, only two of which cross the wing extra-discally enclosing
the broad pale line, which is continued from forewings in a curve sub-
parallel with margin. Fringes long, pale gray, darker basally at end of
veins. Marginal line obscure, dark gray broadly cut at veins. Discal
dot on forewings large, round, prominent black ; on hindwings small,
obscure. Beneath, a clear silken gray; the discal and extra-discal with
its succeeding pale line across all wings. On hind wing, the median
line makes a sharp outward angle at cell touching discal dot at its apex
Basal line also evident, the entire series of lines composed of dots on
veins. Marginal line heavier and discal dots distinct on all wings. Body
beneath and legs whitish.

Type . Big Indian Valley, Catskill Mts., July i, '06.

Type- 9 . Bronx Park, New York City, June 23, '04, in
the collection of R. F. Pearsall.

The species is evidently double brooded, and resembles mise-
rnlata, but is smaller, the males being easily separable by their
slender shortly ciliate antennae, the prominent round discal dots
on fore wings, and absence of yellowish scales on thorax and
head.

Twenty-four males and females, co-types, taken in Bronx
Park, April 25 to May 4, and in Catskill Mountains, July 2
to August i.

Eupithecia filmata n. sp.

Expanse 17-18 mm. Palpi long, rather stout, dark brown. Vertex and
front smooth with yellow brown and white scales mixed. Antennae pale
yellow brown, annulate in the tf heavily biciliate. Thorax above dark
brown, pale at centre. Abdomen above and beneath, with dark brown
and whitish scales mixed, rough ; the first segment pale, the second
dark brown, tufts black. Forewings broad, somewhat cxtrmli d at apex,

130 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

rounded, with inner margin straight. Hindwings broad, rounded, the
margin rather straight between veins three and six, all of thin texture
and clothed with yellow brown and pale scales, having lines and veins
mottled with dark brown, much after the style of lachrymosa Hist, of
which it is a close ally. On forewings basal and discal spaces arc
somewhat darker, separated by a pale line starting from costa about
one-fourth out in a sharp outward curve, thence straight across wing to
inner margin. The extra-discal line a little heavier especially at costa
than any other, and somewhat diffuse, starts three-fourths out, with a
slight outward curve, not angled, around discal dot, thence in a
series of small outward scallops crosses to inner margin within anal
angle, succeeded by the usual broad pale line running parallel with it.
Subterminal space darker, the hair line not clear except at anal angle,
where it becomes white, ending in geminate dots, emphasized by a clus-
ter of dark scales surrounding them. Marginal line dark brown, cut at
veins. Fringes long, ground color of wing, a little darkened opposite
veins. Discal dots linear, black. The discal space is sometimes centrally
divided by a broad pale line. Starting one-half out on costa, which
with a sharp outward trend passes outside the discal dot thence waved
to inner margin. Hindwings with dark triangular basal area, between
which and the extra-discal line, which is continued from forewings in a
diffuse outwardly curved line to inner margin one half from base, is
a broad clear space in which is placed the faint discal dot. The pale
line following extra-discal is more or less evident, partially defined
along outer border on both wings by short dashes of dark scales on
veins. Subterminal space darkened with marginal line and fringes as
in forewings. Beneath, pale yellowish ashen, glossy, with the pale cross
lines above all reproduced, bordered by dusky dotted or diffuse lines, the
extra-discal heaviest, with black patch at costa. Body and legs pale
ashen.

Type. $ and 9 , taken in coitu, Big Indian Valley, Catskill
Mountains, June 29, 1907, and co-types from Bronx Park and
Long Island, in collection of R. F. Pearsall. One 9 from
Bronx Park is darker, more heavily scaled, but the usual form
is pale, with markings more indistinct than the types, especially

if rubbed.

'

PROF. TREVOR KINCAID, of the University of Washington at Seattle,
has been asked by Dr. Howard to go over to Japan and organize a
system for the collection of the Japanese parasites of the Gipsy Moth
similar to that which is now in operation over in Europe. He ex-
pects to have a good time and to do a pile of hard work in the land
of the little brown men, and has started in to learn the lingo.

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 131

Chaitophorus Testudinatus in America.

BY O. W. OESTLUND, University, Minn.

In the December number of the NEWS there appeared an in-
teresting article on the dimorph of Chaitophorus negundinis
Thos., as observed in Colorado by Mr. Bragg. The follow-
ing notes and corrections may therefore be timely as attention
has now been called to this peculiar form in America. I found
the same quite abundant on the maples in Minneapolis in 1897,
and have since observed it at various places in Minnesota.

Mr. Bragg, it appears, is unaware of Kessler's* paper on the
same dimorph, the most complete on the subject. The dimorph
\vas first discovered and described by Thorntonf as Phyl-
loplionis testudinatus, and by him considered to belong to some
undescribed aphid. Balbiani and Signoretj: later proved its
connection with the Chaitophorus on the maple, since consid-
ered as CliaitopJwrns accris (L.) Koch, 1854. They also came
to the conclusion that the dimorph, after continuing in an un-
changed condition for months, at last perishes and comes to
nought. Kessler, in the above mentioned article, showed that
three distinct species had been included under ChaitopJwnis
accris by authors, quite similar in general appearance but very
distinct as to life-history.

A green variety Kessler assigns to the original Chaitophorus
aceris (L.) Koch., 1854; a brown variety he ascribes to Chui-
toplwnis testudinatus (Thorn.) Kessl., 1886; the third variety
is described as new under the name ChaitopJwnis lyropictus
Kessl., 1886. The first two have a summer generation that re-
main as larva in an unchanged condition for three months or
more, after which they resume active life and pass through the
customary moults. As adults they proved to be the sexupara
producing the true sexes : the apterous females and winged
males. The dimorph of the first differs from the second in
wanting the flabelke and in the body not being flattened.

*Kessler, Nova Acta Leop.-Carol. Akad., Vol. 51, pp. 151-178. 1886.
t Thornton, Trans. Micr. Soc. London, Vol. 3. 1852.
$ Balbiani et Signoret, Comptes rendus Acad. Sci., Vol. 14.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

The dimorph of the second species is apparently the same as
that found by Mr. Bragg in Colorado and myself in Minnesota.
Kessler's figure shows the 22 flabellse on the abdomen, while
Buckton is evidently at fault as to the number in his figure. As
our American material appears to agree in all respects with the
figures and descriptions of the European, I have for some time
held the two to be the same and that it should be known as
Chaitophorus testudinatus (Thorn.) Kessl, 1886. Kessler's
third form has no dimorph, but continues to produce the spu-
rise during the summer as usual in the family.

The question if Chaitophorus negnndinis Thos., iS/S, should
be considered as a synonym, or if we also have two or more
species under one name, may best be left an open question until
the life history of our maple Chaitophorus is better known
than at present.

The fact that the summer generations of the first two remain
as larvae unchanged for three months or more, Kessler con-
siders as a summer sleep or hibernation; in which case it may
be better to speak of it as a specialization and not as a degen-
eration.

<

An Aphid Feeding on Coccinellid Eggs.

BY A. ARSENE GIRAULT.

During early June, 1907, I had in confinement a number of
pairs of the ladybird Megilla maculata DeGeer, in the labora-
tory at New Richmond, Ohio. Each pair was confined in an
ordinary glass tumbler covered with cheesecloth, and every
morning a twig of plum, badly infested with an aphid espe-
cially common on that food-plant in that vicinity, was intro-
duced to serve as food. These aphids were eaten voraciously
by the beetles. The female beetles were occasionally deposit-
ing eggs in small batches of about from ten to fifteen, and
quite often it was noticed that these eggs failed to hatch. At
first this was thought to be due to infertility, although in sev-
eral instances the egg masses were found to be thickly covered
with aphids which had left their wilting or wilted food; besides
the pairs of beetles were mating and some of the eggs deposited
by them had hatched.

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 133

On the morning of June loth several eggs in a freshly de-
posited mass were noticed to be shriveled and, as the aphids
were then clustered about the others, it was decided to investi-
gate. After careful examination under a lens and low-power
microscope it was found that the aphids had inserted their
beaks into the eggs and were actually sucking them dry. A
winged female and as many as six nymphs were watched thus
feeding, each insect completely absorbing the contents of a
single egg during the observation. Each egg gradually col-
lapsed.

I believe that this fact has not been recorded; the conditions
under which it was observed, namely, those of confinement,
must be taken into consideration. Has this anything to do
with the fact that coccinellid eggs are seldom or never found in
colonies of aphids ?

Notes on Some Neuropteroids from Raleigh, N. C.

BY C. S. BRIMLEY.
/. Chauliodes.

On April 4, 1906, I found some Chauliodes larvae preparing
to pupate under the bark of rotten and soggy stumps near a
marsh. All had the respiratory tubes on the eighth segment,
close together and unequal in length. I put them in a jar
with some damp, rotten wood, and most of them pupated.

From the pupae emerged big, gray Chauliodes, of which
one which emerged on April 2ist and another on May 4th
were C. pectinicornis by the antennae ; the rest, of which one
emerged on April 2oth, five on April 2ist, and two on April
22d, were all C. rastricornis judging by the antennae.

On April 22d, 1907, I found another lot of larvae in the
same locality and in similar situations to the others. All had
respiratory tubes close together and unequal, and appendages
on the tenth segment extending beyond the claws of that seg-
ment. From these nine adults were bred, a rastricornis on
May 1 5th and eight pectinicornis, one on May i5th, one on
May lyth, four on May igth, and two on May 2oth. I have
also taken two pectinicornis on sugar.

134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

//. Neuronia semifasciata.

While sugaring for moths in my yard in 1905, I took, on
July 8th, a caddis fly apparently attracted by the sugar ; next
year I took another also in July, and, like the previous speci-
men, belonging to this species. In 1907 I started sugaring
earlier, and got ten of this species between May 5th and June
1 6th. I also took a specimen at Lake Ellis on sugar on May
5th.

Other Neuropteroids taken at sugar have been two C/iauli-
odes pectinicornis in July, 1905 and 1906 ; two Allochrysa vir-
ginica, one each on September 21, 1905, and September i,
1906, and two Chrysopa lateralis on August 25 and September

i, 1906.

i <> '

North Carolina Records of Odonata for 1906

and 1907.

BY C. S. BRIMLEY.

Progomphus obscurus Ratnb. Lake Ellis, one May 16, 1906. South-
ern Pines, one received from Manee without date.

Gomphus exilis Selys. Lake Ellis, common May 8-18, 1906, and May
22-28, 1907.

Gomphus sordidus Hagen. Havelock, May 9, 1901, and May 25, 1907.

Boyeria vinosa Say. Enfield, one taken by Woglum, July 5, 1906.
Raleigh, one caught in State Museum after dusk by the night
watchman.

Nasiaeschna pentacantha Ramb. One taken at Raleigh, July 10, 1907,
flying over the very same pool where I caught my first in 1902.

Coryphaeschna ingens Ramb. Lake Ellis. I took a female in the act of
ovipositing May 16, 1906. Another was taken May 28, 1907.

Aeshna constricta Say. Highlands, three males and two females taken
by Herman and VVoglum, September 6-9, 1906. Raleigh, not
uncommon from mid-September to mid-November.

*Cordulegaster fasciatus Rambur. Highlands, one male taken by Wog-
lum, first week in September, 1906.

Tetragoneuria semiaquea Burm. Lake Ellis, common, May 7-18, 1906,
and May 23-28, 1907.

Tetragoneuria complanata Ramb. Southern Pines, two, April 8, 1907 ;
oue April 17, 1906, all taken by Manee.

Soynatochlora filosa Hagen. Raleigh, September 6-12, 1906, both females.
Southport, male and female, late October, 1906 ; taken by
Sherman. Southern Pines, female taken by Manee, August 5,
1907.

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 135

Somalochlora tenebrosa Say. Highlands, a male and two females taken
by Sherman and Woglum, September 6-9, 1906. Raleigh, a
female bred from nymph June 25, 1907.
*Nannothemis bella Uhler. Southern Pines, May 30, June n, 22, 1906;

June 22, 1907 ; a number taken by Manee.

Sympetnnn vicinum Hagen. Raleigh, taken up to December 13 in 1906.
Libellula basalis Say. Hendersonville, one taken by Sherman in June,

1907.
Libellula flavida Ramb. Southern Pines, June 6, 1906, one taken by

Woglum ; May 30, 1906 and May 28, 1907, taken by Manee.
Libellula exusta deplanata Hagen. Lake Ellis, May 8-iS, 1906 ; not un-
common. Southern Pines, April and May, 1906, and 1907
several taken by Manee.
*DipIacodes minusculum Ramb. Lake Ellis, two taken May 24, 1907.

Southern Pines, taken by Manee, June 21, 1907.

Calopteryx dimidiata Burm. Lake Ellis, May 17-18, 1906, common on
canal near camp. May 23-28, 1907, a few. Southern Pines,
June n, 1906, two.

Lestes vigilax Hagen. Lake Ellis, May 15, 1906, two taken.
Argia funtipennis Burm. Lake Ellis. Abundant May 7-18, 1906 and

May 23-28, 1907.
*Enallagmapollutum Hagen. Lake Ellis, May 15, 1906, one.

" laterals Morse. Lake Ellis, three specimens, May 8-18, 1906.
" divagans Selys. Lake Ellis, common in May, 1906, and May,

1907.

" signatum Hagen. Lake Ellis, two taken May 7-18, 1906.
" aspersum Hagen. Lillington, one taken by Neethling, June
8, 1906.

TERIAS MEXICANA BDV. IN NORTHERN COLORADO. I can add another
record of this species from Northern Colorado. In a collection of
Lepidoptera collected by Mr. E. H. Richardson last summer, I found
three rather battered specimens of mcxicana. They were labeled,
"Easley's ranch, dry creek above Paul Lewis ranch, Chimney Gulch
above Golden as far up as the willow spring." They were taken on
July 15. Maynard (N. Am. Butterflies, p. 43) gives the following dis-
tribution : "Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Southern California and Texas,
also rarely to Nebraska, Iowa, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Ontario (Point
Pelee), appears to be extending its range north and east." I have re-
ceived it commonly from San Antonio, Texas. C. R. COOLIDGE.

* The species marked with a * have not previously been recorded from the State.
Most of the Southern Pines records are from specimens taken by Rev. A. H. Manee.

i3 6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

The Abnormal Appearance of External Wing-buds
in Larvae of Holometabolous Insects.

BY WM. A. RILEY, Ithaca, N. Y.

The literature of entomology abounds in reported instances
of insectan malformations varying- all the way from slight
abnormalities in venation or in the segments of an antenna, to
duplication of appendages, or to those striking monstrosities in
which the head of the larva is preserved by the imago. When
we consider the minute scrutiny of the systematists it is not
surprising that the vast majority of these instances relate to
adult insects. It is to another type of abnormality the appear-
ance of external wing-buds in the larval stage that I wish to
call attention.

It is a well known fact that the wings of insects with com-
plete metamorphosis are developed as internal invaginations
during the larval stage and normally become visible externally
only at the time of pupation. So far as I know the recorded
cases of abnormalities in which the wing-pads are external in
the larva all relate to two species of Coleoptera. Tenebrio
molitor and Anthrenus varius.* To these may now be added
a third, that of the Pyrochroid, Dendroides canadensis Latr.

In 1896, while experimenting with meal-worms (Tenebrio
molitor}, Heymonsf found a full-grown larva which possessed
a pair of peculiar appendages on the meso- and metathorax.
These appendages were symmetrical, those on the mesothorax
being somewhat larger than those on the metathorax. Closer

*I except the remarkable cases, reported by Cesare Majoli, 1813,
of silk worm larvae which, instead of forming cocoons after the fourth
molt, developed wings and other structures of the adult. From the
meager accounts available (Stannius '35, Hagen '72) it seems to me
that we here have to do rather with abnormal adults which have pre-
served larval characteristics. To be sure, the line between the two
types is rather arbitrary and it is greatly to be hoped that in the fu-
ture any instances similar to those recorded by Majoli will be carefully
and fully reported.

t Heymons, R. '96. Flugelbildung bei der Larve von Tenebrio
molitor. SB. Ges. naturf., Berlin, 1896, pp. 142-144. Also in Ent.
Rec. xi, pp. 67-68.

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 137

examination showed that they were not lateral or dorsal ex-
cresences but true wing-pads occupying positions exactly simi-
lar to those of the wing-cases of the Tcncbrio pupa. Since this
larva was observed Professor Heymons has been able to find a
number of larvae of the same species presenting the same
anomaly, and at the recent Zoological Congress at Boston he
exhibited several such specimens.

Soon after the appearance of Heymon's first note, Mr. Busck
exhibited before the Entomological Society of Washington,!
six larvae of the Dermestid, Anthrenus varius, each of which
showed well marked wing-pads on the second and third thoracic
segments.

In the summer of 1902 one of our students, Mr. P. B.
Powell, who was breeding large numbers of Coleopterous
larvae, discovered the phenomenon in the case of one of a
number of larvae of a common Pyrochroid, Dendr aides cana-
densis. This specimen showed the hinder pair of pads the
larger while the contrary was true of the cases reported by
Heymons. The larva was apparently in the last stage, and
exhibited various other abnormalities which will be referred
to later.

At first sight it seems strange that all of the individuals
presenting this peculiarity are coleopterous larvae but this is
readily explicable when we consider the anatomical relations
of the developing wings in this group. The best known type
of wing development among holometabolous insects is what
Tower has designed the "enclosed type" (the Pieris type of
Gonin). In this the wing-bud invaginates and finally comes to
lie in a closed sac connected with the body wall by a short,
slender peduncle. Thus it lies wholly within the body cavity.
On the other hand, the researches of Tower, '03, Powell, '04,
and others, have shown that in Coleoptera the dominant type of
wing development is that which Tower has designated the
"simple type." Here as in the hcterometabolous forms the
wing rudiment is 'not sharply marked off from the body hypo-

+Busck, Aug. '97. Larvae of Anthrenus varhts, showing wing pads.
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash, iv, p. 123.

138 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

dermis and is usually directly evaginated to form the imaginal
organ.' Thus it is a comparatively easy step to the abnormal-
ity of a free, external wing-pad, whereas such a condition would
be much more abnormal with the enclosed type of the Neurop-
tera and Lepidoptera or the still more highly specialized
stalked type characteristic of the higher Diptera.

Intermediate between the simple and the enclosed types is the
"recessed type" of Tower (the Corethra type of Gonin). As
defined by the former, here "the fundament is invaginated and
then evaginated, and so lies in a hollow niche in the hypoder-
mal wall, but opens broadly against the cuticula." This type
he found in the Scarakeidae among the Coleoptera while Weis-
mann, '66, had reported it for Corethra, Simulium, and other
nematocerous Diptera. Thus it is possible that specimens of
these forms may be found in which the buds are free on the
surface, though no such instances have been reported.

As to the significance of the monstrosities under considera-
tion there have been advanced two views.

According to the one interpretation the occurrence of the
external wing-pads in the larva is to be regarded as an in-
stance of atavism a harking-back to a period when the larva
bore wings.

The second interpretation, that favored by Heymons, is that
in these cases we have illustration of anticipatory monstrosities. $
a kind of premature development in which characters normally
present in the pupal state are present abnormally in the larva.
He supports this view by citing other abnormalities present in
his specimens.

That the latter interpretation is the correct one is strongly
supported by Mr. Powell's specimen. The most striking evi-
dence is afforded by the fact that in addition to the usual lar-

J This instance and several very striking cases of anticipatory mon-
strosities in lepidopterous larvze (prematurely developed imaginal
antennae, maxillae, and legs) have been very fully discussed by II.
J. Kolbe (Allg. Z. f. Ent., 1903, pp. 1-9, 25-30), who proposes for
the phenomenon the term "prothetaly," rcXos completion, 7rpo0ew to
run before.

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 139

val ocelli the compound eyes of the adult are partially developed.
Moreover, as in some of the Tcncbrio larvae there are present
more antennal segments than in the normal larvae, an approach
to the condition of the adult. Certain other abnormalities
whose significance is not clear, were noted by Mr. Powell. I
am under obligations to him for permission to use the data
relative to his specimen, but it is to be hoped that he may
return to his studies and present a fuller account of this inter-
esting abnormality.

Two WORKSHOP NOTES. In examining dried specimens of insects
and in "posing" them for photographing it is often desirable to change
the position of a wing, leg or antenna without disturbing other parts
and without waiting to soften the whole specimen in a moist chamber.
This may be done with larger insects by the use of a small camel's
hair brush and boiling water. The brush, placed in the water, takes
up a small drop which may be applied directly to the joint or part
to be softened. A few rapid passes of the brush from the water to the
part are sufficient, but it is desirable to have the specimen but a few
inches from the water to prevent the drop from cooling. A small
dish of water on a tripod heated by an alcohol lamp is convenient for
this purpose. Parts moved in this way become fixed again as soon
as dry.

The compound microscope with low powers is often used in place
of the hand lense in examining pinned specimens. While in rapid
work it is more convenient to simply hold the pin in the fingers, steady-
ing the hand on the stage of the microscope, it is frequently the case
that a longer or more careful examination is desirable. For holding
specimens under the compound microscope the writer uses an ordi-
nary tapering cork stopper fastened to a microscopical slide at about
one-fourth the distance from one end. Canada balsam may be used
for fastening the cork to the glass. Heat a drop of balsam on the
slide long enough to make it brittle when cold, and while still warm
press the large end of the cork into the balsam and allow to cool.
Where a mechanical device for moving slides on the stage, such as
is made by the Spencer Lens Co. or the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.,
is in use, the slide may be placed in the clamps of the attachment and
tlu- specimen, pinned to the side of the cork, may be moved with pre-
cision. R. A. COOLEY, Bozeman, Montana.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

[The Conductors of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS solicit and will thankfully receive items
of news likely to interest its readers from any source. The author's name will be given
in each case, for the information of cataloguers and bibliographers.]

To Contributors. All contributions will be considered and passed upon at out
earliest convenience, and, as far as may be, will be published according to date of recep-
tion. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS has reached a circulation, both in numbers and circumfer-
ence, as to make it necessary to put " copy " into the hands of the printer, for each num-
ber, three weeks before date of issue. This should be remembered in sending special or
important matter for a certain issue. Twenty-five " extras," without change in form,
will be given free, when they are wanted ; and this should be so stated on the MS., along
with the number desired. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged. ED.

PHILADELPHIA, PA., MARCH, 1908.

At the present time it is possible to have made excellent il-
lustrations of insects by the half-tone process or by line en-
graving, provided the copy or drawings are good and properly
prepared. For many purposes a line cut is just as good as a
half-tone and costs very much less. We frequently have sent
to us copy for plates that is troublesome or not suitable, be-
cause some authors do not know anything about the methods
of reproduction of plate copy. Copy for line engraving should
consist of lines and dots only and the ink used should be the
blackest the artist can procure. If a number of small drawings
are made for line engraving, make them so that they can be
assembled into a single plate, or draw them all on one card. If
blocked separately, it adds enormously to the cost. The half-
tone is used for wash drawings and the reproduction of photo-
graphs. Always remember that everything shows in a half-
tone and that the outlines of many figures are such that the
plate cannot be tooled, or routed, or outlined. We get copy
consisting of line and dot work and wash drawing and photo-
graphs mixed and this necessitates making a half-tone, where-
as, if kept separate, both processes could be used separately at
less expense. If you make small sketches on separate cards,
bear in mind that if assembled, the reduction must be the same
for all of them, therefore make them with this in view. It is
always a good plan to have the drawings or photographs larger

than the size of the resulting plate.

140

March, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 141

We give some examples of the different processes and kinds
of plates:

Plate V, Feb. '08, is a half-tone.

Plate I, Jan. '08, is a mixed plate, Fig. B, being a half-tone,
had to be inserted ; the other figures are line engravings.

Plate II and III, Jan. '08, are line engravings.

Plate XIII, Oct. '07, is a routed or outlined half-tone.

Plates XV and XVI, Dec. '07, are line engravings.

Notes and. Ne\vs.

ENTOMOLOGICAL, GLEANINGS FROM ALL QUARTERS
OF THE GLOBE.

PROF. JOHN B. SMITH is getting some very interesting points for
his paper on Homoptera. The older species have been badly mixed in
collections. Anyone having material should send it to him.

Digby, February 5, 1908.

IN ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS you sometimes refer to 'hanging co-
coons of polyphcmus. I have found about thirty of these this winter,
a few on low blueberry, and the rest on birch. When on the birch
the cocoon was always at the very tip of the twig, and was enwrapped
by the three or four end leaves. The silk was spun up the stems of
the leaves and then around the twig, but so little was used that a slight
pull or a sharp shake would bring the cocoon off. When on blueberry
it was surrounded by leaves and generally attached to two or three of
the upright twigs. Tn no cases were the cocoons more than a foot
from the ground. JOHN RUSSELL, Digby, N. S.

AN INTERESTING letter has been received from the Rev. Henry C.
McCook, D. D., dated Brookcamp, Devon, Pa.

"I have been ill in bed for five weeks and am just beginning to get
about. I did not see until now the honor which had been conferred
upon me by the newly formed society of American entomologists in
electing me an Honorary Fellow. I appreciate the honor and now beg
through you to return cordial thanks for the same. At my advanced
age and in my state of health no serious original work is possible.
The future, which is most promising, is with younger entomologists,
and they seem to be measuring well up to their opportunities. Yet

142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [March, '08

I continue to do something in the way of interpreting the natural his-
tory of our "little brothers" to the thinking people. I am now putting
the finishing touches upon another book 'Ant Communes, and How
They are Governed.' "

Doings of Societies.

At the regular monthly meeting of the Brooklyn Entomo-
logical Society, held on December 5th, 1907, the President, Dr.
Zabriskie presided and fifteen members were present.

Prof. Smith spoke upon the habits and peculiarities of the
larvae of Cule.v pcrturbans.

Mr. Franck exhibited an exceptionally fine melanic form of
Colias philodice captured at Bethlehem, Pa., in August 1907.

Mr. Davis exhibited a specimen of Basilarchia intermediate
between arthemis and proserpina.

Mr. Pearsall, who exhibited a series of Basilarchia proser-
pina as well as a number of other lepidopterons insects from
the Catskill mountains, remarked that in his opinion proserpina
is a good species. He thinks the larva feeds on apple. Mr.
Franck has found the larva of arthemis in the Catskills feeding
on wild cherry (Primus pennsylvanicus} and Mr. Engelhardt
secured a specimen in the same region, newly hatched from a
chrysalid suspended from a willow branch.

A series of Pieris napi, both spring and summer forms, shown
by Mr. Pearsall, was obtained from chrysalides from larvse
found feeding on crinkle root (Dentana diphylla}.

GEO. P. ENGELHARDT,

Recording Secretary.

JOSEPH THOMAS.

Died at Quakertown, Pa., Tuesday, January 28, Dr. Joseph
Thomas, in his 8gth year.

Dr. Thomas was one of the leading citizens of his town and
a subscriber to the NEWS for many years. He took a great
interest in Entomology and in natural history in general.

APRIL, 1908.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Vol. XIX. No.

HJiniii i inflUff*'

F\

\

Halter americana Cockerell.

EDITOR :

HENRY SKINNER, M. D.
PHILIP P. CALVERT, Ph.D., Associate Editor.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE:

KZKA T. CRESSON. HENRY L. VIHRECK. ]. A. G. REHN.

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NEW ARRIVALS.

Having received a large shipment of Lepidoptera from
Assam and Upper Burma, containing Papilios and other
desirable species, including several varieties of Satur-
niidae, which will be sold at very reasonable prices

^ ^^ perfect specimens in papers, containing many Papilios,
^^ I including Papilio parts, Papilio helemts, and many other
^^^ ^^F desirable species ; fifty different specimens ; no duplicates.

ONE DOZEN PAPILIOS, ALL PERFECT $2.25

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ARIZONA INSECTS.

Will collect in most orders or families or season's catch. Also in botany,
especially cactii and herpetology reptiles and amphibians if notified early in
the season. Agent for sale of Coleoptera, Mr. L. H. Joutel, 164 E. nyth St.,
New York City.

DR. R. E. KUNZE, Phoenix, Arizona.
CATALOGUE OF THE

NEUROPTEROID INSECTS

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When Writing Please Mention "Entomological News."

ENT. NEWS, VOL. XIX.

PI. VII.

APHIS FOLSOMII (DAVIS).

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

AND

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA.

VOL. XIX.

APRIL, 1908.

No. 4.

CONTENTS:

Davis A New Aphid on the Virginia

Creeper 143

Siiyder Color and Environment 147

Skinner A New Variety of Papilio

philenor 149

Jones Pitcher-Plant Insects III 150

Hebard A New Genus and Species of
Decticinae (Orthoptera) from Cali-
fornia 156

Fall New Scarabaeidae 159

Engel Notes on Sesiidae 164

Brimleyand Sherman Additional Rec-
ords of Tabanidae (Horse-Flies) of

North Carolina 168

Doane New North American Pachy-
rhina, with a Table for Determin-
ing the Species 173

Rohwer and Cockerel! Some Oxybe-

line Wasps from New Mexico 179

Editorial iSi

Entomological Literature 182

Notes and News 183

Doings of Societies 184

A New Aphid on the Virginia Creeper.

(APHIS FOLSOMII n. sp.)

BY JOHN J. DAVIS, Urbana, 111.

(Plate VII.)

Last spring (1907) I noticed numbers of this plant louse
on the vines of the Virginia creeper, Parthenocissa (Ampcl-
opsis) qninqncfolia, which were growing in an old greenhouse.
The old frames of the greenhouse were much warped,
leaving large openings through which the vines gained access
to the room. Here the lice made their appearance and were
most abundant, though later in the summer they were not
uncommon on the same vines outside of the building. I have
examined the Virginia creeper at other places, both in Ur-
bana and in other Illinois localities, but nowhere else have I
been able to find this species.

My first observations were made May 2, 1907, at which
time only a few individuals were to be found and they oc-
curred singly upon the young shoots. These aphids were

144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

nearly adult and were probably the stem mothers. During
the earlier part of the year it required twelve to fourteen days
for them to become mature, but later in the warmer summer
months the period for maturity was much shorter. The num-
ber of young per female was, in two instances, 106 and 109,
respectively. The length of time required to give birth to
these young were 15 and 21 days respectively, or an average
of 7 plus in the first case and 5 plus young per day in the
second.

The lice were evidently partial to the young tender shoots,
but later in the summer when these became crowded, some
of the aphids were obliged to secure their food supply from
the leaf petioles or the undersides of the leaves.

The first adult winged form was noticed May 21 st, it hav-
ing been born May gth or loth. The lice continued to in-
crease in numbers until about the middle of July, but from
then until about August I2th, only occasional specimens were
found, the others having become winged and having prob-
ably migrated to other places. They began to be more num-
erous, however, August I2th, and by August iQth were com-
paratively abundant, most of them being immature individ-
uals. This second appearance of the aphids in numbers was
not due to return migrants, but rather to the progeny pro-
duced by the few wingless forms that had remained. I was
unable to follow up the appearance of the bisexual genera-
tion, but when examinations of the vines were made the first
part of October, wingless oviparous females and winged males
were found in copula, and also a few eggs deposited upon
various parts of the vine. Later in the fall but occasional
eggs could be found upon the vines and I concluded that the
ant (Cremastogastcr lineolata) had carried them to its nest.
From the very first appearance of the aphids and throughout
the summer this ant had been in constant attendance upon
them. The lice secreted, from the anus, a somewhat milky
fluid which soon became more or less solidified. Upon the
parts of the plant occupied by the lice many of these globules
were usually found.

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 145

Aphis folsomii n. sp.

Wingless -viviparous female. Body very dark brown, head paler.
Antennae dark brown to black, excepting the fourth and fifth segments,
which are white ; not reaching the cornicles. Eyes black. Beak pale,
excepting the bases of the femora and the distal ends of the tibiae.
Fore legs light brown, excepting at the joints and the tarsi. Middle
pair of legs as in fore pair, except that the darkened area is greater.
There are about five indistinct spots or pits, darker than the body
color, dorsally and on each side of the abdomen. Cornicles black, cyl-
indrical, imbricate, slightly dilated apically, and two and a half to
three times the length of the tarsi. Style black, conical and about one-
half the cornicles in length.

Measurements. Length of body, 2.0-2.254 mm.; width, 1.40-1.781
mm.; antenna, I, 0.08 1 ; II, 0.049; III, 0.212; IV, 0.146; V, 0.195; VI,
basal, 0.114; filament, 0.228; total, 1.025 mm. (Measurements from
live specimens.)

Winged viviparous female. Head and thorax black, abdomen dark
brown. Antennae concolorous with the abdomen, not reaching to the
conr'cles, imbricated; with four to seven circular sensoria on seg-
ment III and, as usual, one at the distal end of V, and several at
the apex of the thickened basal portion of VI. Eyes black. Wings
hyaline, with conspicuous black veins, the first and second discoidals
branching at a point about two-thirds the distance from where they
leave the third discoidal to the margin. Legs dark with small paler
areas at the middle of the tibiae and femora. Cornicles black, cylin-
drical, imbricated, slightly dilated apically, and twice the length of tarsi.
Style dark, conical, and one-half as long as the cornicles.

Measurements. Length of body, 1.62-2.036 mm. ; width, 0.81-0.98
mm.; length of wing, 2.21-2.62 mm.; antenna, I, 0.0652; II, 0.0733; HI,
0.2727; IV, 0.2454; V, 0.2545; VI, basal, 0.1031; filament, 0.3999; total,
1.4141 mm.; cornicles, 0.218-0.255 mm.; style, 0.122 mm.; hind tarsus,
0.126 mm. (Measurements from live specimens.)

Pupa. Abdomen with no white flocculent spots. Legs (excepting
tarsi), antennae (excepting tips), and cornicles white, to the naked
eye. Style with a slight whitish bloom.

Wingless oviparous female. Abdomen reddish brown, thorax darker,
and head paler. Antennae dark, excepting segments 111, IV, and V,
which are white, imbricate, and not reaching to the cornicles, l-'.yes
black. Beak reaching to hind coxae. Abdomen with a row of very
minute black dots on each side. Tarsi and articulations of the i
pair of legs dark to black, remainder pale bmwni^h; middle pair with
darkened area larger; hind legs almost entirely dark bmwn to black,
the hind tibiae swollen and with numbers of sensoria along the inner
side. Cornicles concolorous with abdomen, cylindrical, imbricate, and
slightly longer than the body color, conical, equal to or slightly less
than the hind tarsi in length.

146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

Measurements. Length of body, 1.5273-2.1816 mm.; width, 1.0908-
1.2816 mm.; antenna, I, 0.0801; II, 0.0611; III, 0.2635; IV, 0.2159; V,
0.1969; VI, basal, 0.0896; filament, 0.3273; total 1.2444 mm.; cornicles,
0.1738 mm.; hind tarsus, 0.1344 mm.; style, 0.1141 mm. (The above
measurements are averages from specimens mounted in balsam.)

Egg. The black shining egg is elliptical and measures 0.7009 by
0.3260 mm.

Winged male. Head and thorax black, abdomen dark reddish brown.
Antenna? black, imbricated, with numerous circular sensoria irregularly
placed on segments III, IV, and V. There are usually twenty or thirty
sensoria on III and IV, and half that number on V, but these num-
bers sometimes vary although the proportions are generally the same.
Eyes black. Wings hyaline, with black veins, the first and second dis-
coidals branching at a point about two-thirds the distance from where
they leave the third discoidal to the margin. Legs dark to black,
excepting the middle portions of the tibiae and femora. Cornicles very
dark, almost black, cylindrical, imbricated, slightly less than the hind
tarsi in length. Style dark but not black, conical, and longer than the
tarsus.

Measurements. Length of body, 1.1999 mm.; width, 0.5636 mm.;
length of wing, 1.7452 mm.; antenna, I, 0.0591; II, 0.0529; III, 0.2180;
IV, 0.1895; V, 0.1650; VI, basal, 0.0825; filament, 0.2872; total, 1.0542
mm.; cornicles, 0.0978 mm.; hind tarsus, 0.1141 mm. (Measurements
from specimens in alcohol and in balsam.)

Mr. T. A. Williams, in a bulletin of the Department of
Entomology, University of Nebraska, listed a new species,
Aphis parthenocissi on Parthenocissa quinquefolia, but did not
describe the same.

This species is closely allied to Aphis ilicis Kalt. (A. hcd-
crae Kalt.) of Europe, but compared with the European de-
scriptions is quite distinct.

I respectfully dedicate this species to Doctor Justus W.
Folsom, who by the publication of "Entomology with refer-
ence to its Biological and Economic Aspects" has done so
much for the advancement of entomology, and to whom the
writer is indebted for many helpful suggestions.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Aphis folsomii. i, wing of viviparous female; 2, style of winged
viviparous female; 3, cornicle of winged viviparous female; 4, hind
tibia of oviparous female, showing sensoria; 5, antenna, of wingless
viviparous female ; 6, of winged viviparous female ; 7, of wingless ovi-
parous female ; 8, of winged male.

April, *08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 147

Color and Environment.

BY HOWARD AUSTEN SNYDER, Philadelphia, Pa.

While collecting insects in the Bermuda Islands in the year
1905, I perceived that the common wasps I saw flying were
of a lighter shade than those of the United States, and ex-
pected to find in my net a species different from our own,
but on examination I saw that they were identical with our
Polistcs pallipes. The difference in shade I attribute to the
fact that as Bermuda has coral roads and white calcimined
roofs, the average shade of the country has had the effect of
producing a lighter shade in its insects. As every one knows,
the more contrasted in color or shade an insect or bird is with
relation to surrounding objects, or the background on which
it rests, the more liable it is to be discovered and devoured or
killed by its enemies. Locally we see that effect in the locust,
Trimerotropis maritima, and the tiger beetle, Cicindela dor-
salis, of our own coasts, which from their habit of frequent-
ing the light sandy tracts, have had their darker ancestors
eliminated by this fact in the economy of nature, and only the
light ones remain and are inconspicuous and less liable to de-
struction. Their color serves to keep them on the sand,
for let them wander inland where there is vegetation and a
darker soil, and they are soon discovered and destroyed. With
bees and swift flying creatures this rule cannot so well apply,
as they are never long in one place, and can elude their ene-
mies. The tiger beetle and locust alight frequently and are
more often resting in sight of enemies.

I mean to indicate by the above that in any country, especi-
ally an isolated one, the insects will average darker or lighter
according to the shade of the land and vegetation. Let a
dark insect inhabit a country where the roads and the roofs
are white, it will be rendered conspicuous and thus exposed
to danger oftener than it would be in a country where the
surface is darker. The diagram below will portray in a gen-
eral way the appearance of Bermuda as compared with that
of the United States not exactly, of course. For the proper

I 4 8

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

[April, '08

effect, the diagram should be viewed at a distance of ten feet,
when the difference in degree will be seen without detail.

United States. Bermuda.

The average road in the United States is about the color of
a plowed field, and hence of little effect in modifying the gen-
eral shade. In Bermuda the roads are closer than in Penn-
sylvania, and hence effective in lightening the general aspect
of the country and added to this, the roofs increase the ef-
fect, and although an insect in its flight might many times
fly over or alight on a dark background, among the thousands
of objects visible, of two insects of one species, the slightly
darker one will be the first discovered on a light background;
the lighter ones will live the longer and naturally have more
descendants.

It seems unnecessary since acquaintance with Darwin's the-
ory is so wide-spread, to say that although all animals resem-
ble their parents, they all vary in minor particulars, and any
difference in color or otherwise may serve to protect one and
enable it to live long enough to produce its kind with a like
resemblance and a little immunity. Nature seizes upon that
which is good.

It may be asked why these insects are not still lighter, but
here the law of equilibrium intervenes and prevents a further
advance. There is danger when it becomes too light of be-
coming too conspicuous. Taking an extreme case, a white
insect would be at once a prey of its enemies when on or over
the darker vegetation. They are held back far enough from
white to be fairly safe on a dark background.

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 149

This theory cannot be tested in a large country, where the
shades and colors are various, and can only partially be proven
in an isolated country. The Bermudian surface affords us
the best possible exemplification of the theory.

As material for reasoning in this line, let us imagine a
coral island placed seven hundred miles from the mainland,
as Bermuda is, but connected with it by a chain of islands, as
Bermuda could have been, and let all the intervening islands
become submerged by the subsidence of the sea bottom, which
is possible. Up to this time, the insects of the mainland have
had free access to all the islands, and vice versa. Conse-
quently, the species are similar and the above condition among
the insects of the island cannot arise, but now that they are
cut off from the mainland, the local environment begins to
shape their destiny, which seems to be as described.

I believe that all insects so placed will have their colors
modified unless extremely well defended by poisonous quali-
ties, weapons of defense or underground habits.

A New Variety of Papilio Philenor.

BY HENRY SKINNER.

Papilio phflenor hirsnta n. var.

This differs from the ordinary form in the hairy character
of the body and the shortness of the tails. The thorax and
abdomen are clothed with long black hairs and the tails are
4.5 mm long. Male and female from Plumas County, Califor-
nia, 9,500 feet elevation. Received from Mr. George Franck.

EDITORS, ENT. NEWS : I take pleasure in announcing the recent or-
ganization of "The Association of County Entomologists" of California,
formed in San Jose, February isth, 1908. W. H. Volck, Entomologist
for Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, was made president, and E. L-
Morris, Entomologist for Santa Clara County, secretary and treasurer.

The object of the Association is for a more perfect co-operation in
dealing with problems common to the orchardists of the districts rep-
resented. We hope by frequent consultations, comparison of plans and
results of work to be better able to further the horticultural in-
terests in our counties. EARL L. MORRIS, Secretary.

150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

Pitcher-Plant Insects. III.

BY FRANK MORTON JONES, Wilmington, Delaware.

(Plate's VII-IX.)

Papaipema appassionata Harvey.

Of the insects observed at Summerville, South Carolina,
making' Sarracenia their food-plant, next in abundance to the
Exyras was a root-borer which proved to be Papaipema ap-
pasionata Harvey. The burning over of the meadows makes
the work of this insect in the roots of Sarracenia flava much
more apparent than in those places where the tangled clumps
of leaves of the preceding season conceal the ground. On
these comparatively bare portions of the Sarracenia meadows,
and especially in the less swampy places, it becomes apparent
early in April that a very large proportion of the roots of
Sarracenia flava contain this larva, which bores, first perpen-
dicularly through the buds, then horizontally, following the
course of the root-stock and keeping open the passage to the
surface for the disposal of the frass, which is built up into a
closed turret-like tube, capping the entrance to the burrow.

So numerous are these burrows that whole clumps of flava
with their interlaced root-stocks fail for a time to put up either
buds or leaves, and many which start to grow are under-
mined and killed by the operations of the borer. The much
larger frass-tubes formed in the preceding year by full grown
larvae are also noticeable among the roots, showing that these
structures are compact and tough enough to last through a
winter's exposure to the weather. Their purpose is probably
to prevent the burrows from being flooded during rains and
temporary inundations. At first only a fraction of an inch
in height, these turrets are extended with the growth of the
larvae to a height of two inches or more, and are often built
against and partly supported by one of the larger fleshy leaf-
stems, through which the burrow extends into the root-stock.
The upper figures on Plate VIII, show the condition of
the turrets, the extent of feeding, and the position of the lar-
vae in the root-stocks on April first. Throughout the sum-

EMT. NEWS. VOL. XIX.

PI. VIII.

PITCHER-PLANT INSECTS (JONES).

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 15!

mer these larva? extend their burrows through the root-stock?,
throwing up new turrets from time to time as they follow the
winding course of the interlaced roots. Pupation takes place
in a wide part of the burrow, not far from the surface, pro-
vision having previously been made for the escape of the moth
(middle figure, Plate VIII). The first pupa was noted Sep-
tember twenty-second, though some not observed were evi-
dently a few clays earlier: the moths commenced to emerge
October sixteenth, the last emergence of eighteen beinsr Xo-

o a o

vember third.

The unusually long larval period is presumably the effect
of the long season in this southern locality, the insect being
single-brooded here as in the north.

Mr. Henry Bird has described this larva from specimens
found in Sarraccnia purpurca in Xew Jersey (see Can. Ent.
xxxv, 91-94), in which plant they did not pupate in the bur-
rows, nor was the turret-building habit observed. Mr. Bird
has kindly compared the South Carolina specimens from flava
with his Xew Jersey specimens from pnrpurca, and finds them
identical, the examples bred from flava, as would be expected,
being slightly larger.

Olethreutes daeckeana Kearfott.

The larva of E.ryra rolandiana has been noted as feeding
V in the flowers and unripe ovaries of Sarraccnia purpurea.
At Summerville no E.vyra larvae were found in the flowers
of either Sarraccnia flava or Sarraccnia minor. The flowers
of minor, however, which begin to appear toward the end of
April, are frequently destroyed by a small Tortrix caterpillar,
which feeds among the petals and stamens and also burrows
into and hollows out the green ovary, fastening the debris
of the flower together with silk. In these larva-infested flow-
ers the umbrella-shaped style withers and the shrivelled petals
cling to the wreck of the flower instead of falling at the usual
time. The lower figures on Plate VIII illustrate a healthy
flower after the fall of the petals and an infested one.

These larva? were noted about May first, when a few of

152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

them were almost full fed ; they became more abundant by
the middle of the month. A slight cocoon is formed in the
flower from the debris loosely held together with silk, and
from this the brown pupa pushes its way out some hours be-
fore the emergence of the moth. Of those under observation,
the first appeared May twenty-third, though at that date many
of the later larvae had not pupated. The latest emergence
noted was June thirteenth.

From unripe ovaries of Sarracenia pur pur ca gathered near
Katahdin Iron Works, Maine, later in the season (August),
the same insect was bred, and Mr. Kearfott identifies it as
Olethreutes dacckeana, a species which he described in 1907
from a New Jersey locality where its food-plant was also
Sarracenia purpurca, so it is evidently widely distributed and
will probably be found wherever Sarracenia is abundant.

Archips parallela Rob.

Toward the end of May still another insect may be found
attacking Sarracenia minor; this is the larva of a Tortricid,
a smooth, cylindrical caterpillar about seven-eighths of an
inch in length, dull dark sage-green in color, studded with
small white tubercles bearing short fine white hairs ; the head
and thoracic shield are yellowish-brown with black markings,

and the feet black.

This caterpillar seems to prefer the smaller open leaves of
Sarracenia minor. It fills the upper portion of the tube with
a white opaque web, through which it retreats in a tortuous
passage when alarmed. In feeding it takes no care not to
eat entirely through the leaf-wall, and the upper portion of
the hood usually shows a ragged hole where the caterpillar
has fed. A number of these larvre of different ages were
found in localities widely separated, so their occurrence in
this food-plant was evidently not accidental. Of these, one
fell a victim to the new leaf to which it was transferred,
evidence that this insect has not yet perfectly adapted itself
to this dangerous food-plant. One larva on June third left
the leaf in which it had been feeding, ensconced itself on the

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 153

outside of another leaf of minor in the angle formed by the
flat wing of the leaf and the outside of the tube, and here
spun a tubular shelter by bridging this corner with a web of
opaque white silk; here, a few days later, it changed to a
brown pupa, which on June twenty-second forced its way out
of the cocoon by means of the double row of spines with which
its segments are armed, and the moth emerged. Mr. W. D.
Kearfott pronounces the moth to be a typical specimen of
Archips parallela Rob., a widely distributed species with a long
list of recorded food-plants. On some of its other food-plants
this caterpillar spins several leaves together to form a more
or less tubular shelter. It would be interesting to determine
to what extent it is adapting itself to the other species of
Sarraccnia found within its range.

POLLINATION.

That Sarracenia must depend upon insect agency to effect
pollination of the blossom was recognized long ago by the
botanists, and the structure of the flower indicates something
of the method by which this must be accomplished. Careful
observation of the insect visitors of Sarracenia ftava through-
out its blooming season make it seem probable that in this spe-
cies the method of pollination differs in some respects from
the published accounts of this process in the genus Sarracenia
in general. In flava, as in the other species of the genus, the
style is a curious umbrella-shaped structure, each of its five
points being cleft, and the stigmatic surfaces are situated on
little projecting points at the base of these clefts on the con-
cave side of the open umbrella. The petals at the base form
a close bell-shaped cover, spreading out and filling the space
between the points of the inverted umbrella ; and access to
the nectar and pollen is possible only at one of five openings,
situated just below the curled-up tips of the umbrella with
their projecting stigmatic .points.

An insect alighting on a petal enters the flower, turns at
right angles in either direction to one of these openings, and
in forcing its way through, if of suitable size, scrapes its back

154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

across the projecting point of the stigma. In flava especially,
egress is exceedingly difficult except at the five entrance holes ;
and all of the numerous insects observed visiting these flow-
ers emerged after considerable struggling through one of
these orifices, almost invariably again scraping the stigma in
their departure. In flava therefore, with its heavy closely-
overlapped petals usually preventing the escape of the visit-
ing insects except by repassing the stigma, some special pro-
vision for preventing habitual self-pollination by insect ag-
ency would be expected ; and this seems to be provided for in
the position the flower assumes upon its stem at various ages.
When the bud first appears above the ground it is borne up-
right upon the stem ; as the blooming period draws near, the
stem bends just below the bud, making a complete turn, so

that when the flower opens the style occupies the position
of an inverted umbrella, catching and retaining the falling

pollen, most of which is shed within twenty-four hours after
the flower begins to open. The flower then begins again to
change its position, often being very noticeably tilted on the
stem by the third day, and eventually, long before the fall of
the petals, it takes a position at right angles to the original
one. These changes of position and the structure of the flower
are shown on Plate IX. The tilted and finally upright flow-
ers naturally retain less pollen than the newly opened horizon-
tal ones, and often the tilted flowers show little trace remain-
ing of the abundant supply in the newly-opened blooms. As^
the blossoms remain fresh and continue to be attractive to
insects for more than two weeks, it would seem that this
change in the position of the flower and the consequent spill-
ing of the pollen decidedly favor cross-fertilization.

Ants are almost invariably present in the flowers, attracted
by the abundant nectar oozing from the ovary, but they arc
probably of little importance as pollenizers. The ant most
abundant in flava at Summerville is identified by Prof. W. M.
Wheeler as Tapinoma pruinosa Roger. Ants, wasps, and oc-
casionally butterflies visit the outside of the flower; spiders,

ENT. NEM-R, VOL. XIX.

PI. IX.

PITCHER-PLANT INSECTS (JONES).

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 155

small beetles, and even the little green tree frogs which habitu-
ally occupy the leaves, are sometimes found ensconced in the
flowers ; but from the first opening of the flava blossoms in
March, their most frequent visitor on sunny days is the honey-
bee, which being of suitable size to snugly fit the orifice, rarely
enters or leaves without brushing the stigma. Most of these
bees carry loads of pollen, and do not seem to exercise any
choice, relative to the age of the flowers, in making their vis-
its. Much smaller bees, Augochlora and Osmia, are less fre-
quent visitors and on account of their size usually escape con-
tact with the stigma. At rare intervals a bumble-bee may be
seen forcing its way into the flower by the usual path, but
this insect proved so infrequent a visitor that it can scarcely
be considered of much importance as a pollenizer of flava.

One other insect, however, of suitable size to effect polli-
nation, an insect always associated with Sarracenia, is a con-
stant visitor to the blossoms. The Sarracenia fly, Sarcophaga
sarraccniae Riley, habitually resorts to the blossoms as well
as to the leaves, perhaps more for shelter than for food. At
night and on cool, windy or rainy days these flies crowd into
the blossoms, sometimes to the number of three or four to
one flower; they are rough, bristly, and often yellow with
pollen ; they enter and leave the flowers by the only practic-
able path, the orifice just under the stigma, which they are
of suitable size almost necessarily to touch in passing.

It has been suggested that the pitcher plant moths (Exyra)
may be pollenizers of these flowers ; but as flara at Summer-
vine commences to bloom in March, and E.ryra ridingsii, the
Species most intimately associated with it, does not appear
until the middle of May, and E.ryra scinicrocca not until the
middle of April, this can scarcely be the case. The color of
the flowers and the fact that their fragrance becomes more
noticeable toward evening indicates the possibility that night-
flying insects may aid in pollination. The following list in-
cludes all the day-time visitors found in sufficient numbers to
indicate that they are habitual visitors to these flowers :

156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

In Sarracenia flava:
Coleoptera :

Chauliognathus marginatus Fabr.
Diptera :

Sarcophaga sarraccniae Riley.
Hymenoptera :

Apis m ell if era L.
Bombus Pennsyh'anicus De G.
Augochlora (confusa Robt. ?).
Osmia sp.
Halictus sp.

Tapinoma pruinosa Roger.

The small brilliantly-metallic bees, Augochlora, and an Os-
niia, were also noted frequenting the blossoms of Sarracenia
mi nor, which did not seem to be visited by the larger insects.
Dr. Mellichamp has recorded a beetle, Euphoria mclancholica,
as an occasional visitor to this flower. The size and structure
of the flower, however, seem to indicate the small bees as the
more suitable pollenizers.

A New Genus and Species of Decticinae
(Orthoptera) from California.

BY MORGAN HEBARD.
Cyrtophyllicus* new genus.

This genus is related to Zacycloptcra Caudellf from which
it differs chiefly in the very minute wings, the different form
of the cerci and tegmina and the more spinose legs.

Male only known. Fastigium blunt and not half as
broad as basal joint of antenna?. Pronotum slightly produced
caudad, dorsal surface almost flat ; lateral carinre not distinct
cephalad but developed as distinct shoulders caudad, diverg-
ing regularly caudad and at the caudal margin separated by
slightly more than twice the width at the median portion of
the prozona. Prosternum armed with a pair of long slender

*Cyrtophyllus genus of Pseudophyllinac. CIKOS, that which resem-
bles.
fProceedings U. S. Nat. Mus, Vol. XXXII, p. 308.

April, '08]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

157

spines. Mesosternum armed with a similar pair of spines.
Tegmina short, not reaching the apex of the abdomen, rounded
and inflated. Wings very minute. Supra-anal plate small
and obscure, the last dorsal abdominal segment produced,
deeply and rounded emarginate, bounded laterad by rounded

FIG. i.

FK;. 2. FIG. 3.

Figure i. Cyrtophyllicus chloiiun n. gen. and sp. Lateral view of
type, (x 3.)

Figure 2. Cyrtophyllicus clilonnn n. gen. and sp. Tympanum of
male, (x 3.)

Figure 3. Cyrtophyllicus chlontiii n. gen. and sp. Dorsal view of
apex of male abdomen, (x 6.)

158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

lobes. Cercus slender, somewhat bowed and armed with a
single heavy tooth. Legs moderately long, slender and well
spined.

Type. Cyrtophyllicns chlorum, new species.

Cyrtophyllicns cblorum new species.

Type. Male; El Portal, Mariposa County, California. Al-
titude, 3,200 feet. August 30, 1907. Collected by Morgan
Hebard. (Hebard collection.)

Size moderate; form somewhat slender. Head not broader than
cephalic portion of pronotum into which it is well inserted ; fastigium
of vertex short, blunt, compressed and deeply sulcate ; eyes small,
prominent and semiglobose ; antenna; in length almost six times that
of pronotum, filiform, width of basal segment two-thirds that of eye,
antennal scrobes somewhat protuberant. Prozona of pronotum not
punctate, metazona rugoso-punctate, separated from the prozona by a
distinct straight transverse sulcus ; median carina of pronotum scarcely
visible ; prozona twice the length of metazona ; cephalic margin per-
ceptibly concave, caudal margin broadly rounded. Tegmina slightly
more than twice as long as the pronotum, broad and considerably
swollen, apically rounded, the costal field much enlarged, costal margin
arcuate ; tympanal area distinctly wider than the caudal width of the
pronotal disk, its length exceeding width by a third of the Tatter.
Wings minute falciform lobes. Abdomen moderately plump, rounded,
without dorsal carina, the terminal dorsal abdominal segment covered
with very fine hairs. Cerci more than five times as long as the basal
width, covered with very fine hairs and on the inner side near the tip
armed with a heavy, short and sharp pointed tooth. Subgenital plate
with a very shallow subtrigonal apical emargination, styles long and
filiform. Legs moderately long and slender, covered with short fine
hairs ; posterior femora two and one-half times as long as pronotum
and very little swollen on the basal half, armed below on both margins
on the apical half only with eleven to twelve small sharp spines ; an-
terior and median femora of equal length, longer than the pronotum
by a quarter of its length, both armed below on both margins with
small spines numbering six to eight on the margins of the anterior
femora and seven to eleven on those of the median femora. Posterior
tibise slightly compressed, armed below with two apical spurs, margins
well spined; anterior and median tibiae armed below with six pairs of
heavy spines, anterior tibiae with four spines in the dorso-caudal mar-
gin.

General color uniform bright grass green; eyes pale nut brown;
antenna? straw color.

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 159

MEASUREMENTS.
Length of body 26.2 mm.

Length of pronotum 6.1 mm.

Greatest caudal width of pronotal disk 5. mm.

Length of tegmen 14.5 mm.

Width of tympanum 6.5 mm.

Length of caudal femur 17.2 mm.

The single specimen taken was collected at night with the
aid of a lantern, stridulating loudly on a low green bush.
Even when approached it did not cease its stridulation, but

kept up a loud and constant zick, zick, zick, zick, much

like our eastern Scudderia but far louder. Other individuals
were heard stridulating loudly during the night until just be-
fore dawn.

In endeavoring to capture other specimens during the eve-
ning one was located in a high oak tree, another about twelve
feet from the ground in a dense bush, another in a tangle of
vines near the ground and others, including the specimen
captured, in low green bushes on the mountain side. All
collecting was done after dark which made it very difficult
to locate the specimens, and, although they did not move until
approached very closely, they usually ceased their song when
disturbed. One which I succeeded in almost grasping es-
caped by tumbling down into the thick weeds under its perch.

New Scarabaeidae.

BY H. C. FALL.

The present article was primarily designed to make known
an interesting new species of Thyce discovered by Mr. G. TT.
Field, of San Diego, in the summer of 1906. The opportun-
ity is taken, however, to add descriptions of two species of
Lachnosterna and a Polyphylhi which appear to be without
names. The relation of each of these to previously described
forms is easily made known, and there is therefore little use
in awaiting monographic treatment of their genera of which
there is either little need or small prospect in the near fu-
ture.

l6o ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

Thyce fieldii n. sp.

Of the usual form, head and thorax piceous, elytra blackish brown,
legs paler brown, vestiture pale ochreous. Head densely clothed with
elongate scales and fine erect hair, prothorax and elytra with rather
sparse recumbent acuminate scales, which are as a rule from two
and one-half to three times as long as wide ; sterna densely clothed
with long cinerous or ochreo-cinerous hair, venter densely cinero-
squamulose. Clypeus sinuato-truncate ($) or arcuato-truncate (?).
Prothorax four-fifths as long as wide, sides parallel in basal three-
fifths, surface polished and finely rather sparsely punctate, especially
toward the middle posteriorly ; median line impressed and punctured.
Elytra nearly parallel, finely feebly somewhat densely punctate, with-
out costae; suture densely clothed with white scales. Length 22-23^2
mm.

Male. Antennal club subequal in length to entire stem, last joint
of maxillary palpi fully three-fourths as long as the antennal club,
with a broad, deep, oval excavation throughout its length. Front tibiae
entirely devoid of teeth except the apical one. Outer claw of each
tarsus with an acute tooth which is about one-third as long as the api-
cal portion of the claw ; tooth of inner claw of front tarsus about
one-half as long as that of the outer claw ; the disparity evident, but
less marked on middle and hind feet.

Female. Brown throughout, a little wider behind, vestiture sparser,
clypeus smaller, the angles rounded ; head with the vertex obtusely
tumid. Antennal club about three-fourths the length of the preced-
ing joints; last joint of maxillary palpus half as long as the antennal
club ; front tibije strongly bi dentate ; tarsi a little shorter ; teeth of
claws smaller than in the male, but showing nearly same disparity.

Five examples (4 males, i female) of this fine species are
before me, all collected by Mr. Field, in the southern part
of San Diego County, California.

The simple front tibise of the male, bidentate in the female,
and the polished sparsely punctured thorax distinguish this
species at once and remarkably from all previously described
forms. It is dedicated with pleasure to its discoverer from
whom I received one male taken in the summer of 1906, at
Campo elevation 2,400 feet. It was at once recognized as
a new species and I wrote Mr. Field urging him to go for
them again the following summer, when it was hoped fe-
males might be secured. A visit to the same region last July
was successful, and Mr. Field has kindly sent me three more
males and one female from his catch. Only two or three of

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. l6l

the latter sex were obtained. A short extract from a letter
from Mr. Field relative to this trip will be of interest in this
connection. He writes :

"We started (from San Diego) June 29, and a hot spell
started the same day we did. The first week was withering,
blistering hot and, as we drifted along the Mexican border
in the semi desert country, Hell could not have been more than
a half mile off, and it wouldn't have surprised me at all to
see old Mr. Devil sitting under a sage brush or greasewood.
I cut out the Devil's canyon trip on account of the intense heat,
and as it was impossible to take the horses any nearer than
Mountain Springs, we actually could not have carried water
enough to quench our thirst until we got back. I was obliged
to make a long hot drive to reach the Thyce tree, but made
it, and while supper was cooking I placed the cyanide bot-
tles and nets by the tree to be prepared for an emergency
call, but the infernal rascals did not come out till it was all
but dark, and then they did come with a rush as they did
before. There were not nearly so many out, but after the
battle we counted thirteen slain."

Mr. Field narrates further adventures with the new Thyce
but this is sufficient to indicate some of the conditions inci-
dent to their capture.

Polyphylla fuscula n. sp.

Most nearly allied to diffracta Csy., but smaller and conspicuously
darker owing to the sparse vestiture and subobsolete elytral vittre.
Head and entire disk of thorax clothed with erect hairs, these becom-
ing sparser and shorter toward the sides of the latter ; thoracic vittae
narrow and imperfect, the scaly vestiture pale yellowish in color
throughout, not at all paler in the feebly condensed lines which rep-
resent the more or less strongly marked white vittre of the related spe-
cies. Antennal club about three-fourths longer than the stem. Pygid-
ium squamulo-pubescent, the hairs and squamttlcs not very densely
placed, and both nearly evenly distributed over the entire surface,
the lateral and apical margins only slightly reflcxcd. Front tibia: bi-
dcntate ($). Length 19-20 mm.

Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona.

Described from three males collected by Mr. V. W. Owen,

l62 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, 'oS

of Los Angeles, who has very kindly placed them at my dis-
posal. In one example the elytral vittae are almost entirely
wanting, in the others a little better defined. The antennal
club is relatively shorter than in any of our previously de-
scribed species. The shorter spur of the anterior tibia is
about three-fourths the length of the longer one, and this
seems also about the ratio prevailing in both diffracta and
crinita notwithstanding Casey's statements of existing dif-
ferences.

Lachnosterna lenta n. sp.

Oblong, scarcely wider behind, robust, not strongly convex, castan-
eous, legs paler. Clypeus feebly emarginate, border rather widely re-
flexed, surface moderately finely punctate, the punctures well sepa-
rated ; front similarly punctured, more sparsely at middle, in some
examples. Thorax obliquely narrowed in front, sides subparallel pos-
teriori}-, margin finely crenate, punctuation coarse, close, and nearly
evenly distributed. Elytral punctuation as coarse as or slightly coarser
than that of the thorax, and equally dense; sutural costa distinct,
discal costa faint but evident, marginal obsolete. Pygidium finely
sparsely punctate, nearly smooth in the female. Metasternum hairy in
both sexes, the hairs shorter and less dense in the female. Abdomen
minutely remotely punctate. Last joint of maxillary palpus elongate
fusiform, not impressed. Length 17-20 mm., width 10-12 mm.

Male. Antennal club slightly longer than the entire stem ; pygid-
ium broader and evenly convex ; abdomen flattened at middle, the
penultimate segment with an arcuate or subangulate slightly rough-
ened ridge a little behind the middle; last ventral broadly concave,
smooth at apex ; inner spur of hind tibia short, one-third to two-fifths
the length of the outer one; ungual tooth smaller, acute, distinctly
intra-median in position.

Female. Antennal club shorter tnan the stem ; pygidium smoother,
more narrowly rounded and slightly tumid at apex; inner spur of
hind tibia nearly as long as the outer ; ungual tooth larger, median.

This species is a member of the ephelida group and should
stand between gcnerosa and praetcrmissa. It is closely re-
lated to the latter, differing in its rather more robust form,
* coarser, denser punctuation, somewhat more widely reflexed
clypeus, the thoracic margin more evidently crenulate. The
genitalia are quite distinct from the figures given by Smith,
for praetermissa, the male claspers more complex as viewed

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 163

laterally. The pubic process in the female is long, slender,
and forked at tip. In praetermissa the public process of the
female is shorter and stouter, much as in Smith's figure for
rillifrons, the tips of the arms with two or three short setse.

Described from 3 males, I female, taken at Mobile, Ala., by
Mr. T. P. Loding, and sent me by Mr. Knaus.

Lachnosterna lobata n. sp.

Elongate cylindrical, not or scarcely broader behind, brown, elytra
sparsely clothed with short erect hairs, few if any of which exceed in
length one-fourth the width of the scutellum, and which are arranged
for the most part along the costae. Clypeus with a moderate cuspi-
form emargination, the border moderately reflexed, the surface to-
gether with that of the front densely but not coarsely punctate, the
latter smoother along the clypeal suture. Prothorax nearly twice as
wide as long, widest and rather strongly rounded at middle, sides a
little sinuate both anteriorly and posteriorly, front angles acute, hind
angles rectangular or very nearly so as viewed from above; margin
not at all uneven, base and apex with marginal lines, side margins
rather wider than usual ; punctuation rather fine and not very close,
the punctures as a rule distant by from one to two times their own
diameter, somewhat sparser at middle ; on each side an arcuate row
of three foveiform impressions, of which the anterior within the front
angles is largest and best defined, the posterior one nearer the base
than the side, small and sometimes absent. Elytral costse moderate,
punctuation similar to that of the thorax but more vaguely impressed;
pygidium rather coarsely rugose ; metasternum finely densely punctu-
latc and moderately densely hairy; free angle of hind coxal plate pro-
duced outwardly in form of a rounded lobe, which is visible from a
dorsal view point. Abdomen very finely sparsely punctate, the fifth
and posterior half of the fourth segment rather densely punctate ; spurs
of hind tibiae slender, arcuate, free ; claws with an acute median tooth.
Length 17-18 mm., width 6^-7 mm.

Male. Antennal club subequal in length to joints 2-7; abdomen
vaguely narrowly impressed along the middle, penultimate segment
with a transverse impression posteriorly which is feeble at middle ;
last segment slightly flattened ; pygidium broadly convex.

Female. Antennal club as long as joints 3-7, abdomen convex, py-
gidium broadly transversely impressed subapically.

Chiricahua Mts., Arizona.

I am indebted to Mr. Schwarz for the four examples (i
male, 3 females) from which the above description is drawn.
The species is a very distinct one and does not resemble at

164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, 'o8

all closely any previously described species of Lachnosterna
with which I am acquainted. It possesses the characters which
in Horn's synopsis define the crcnulata group and may be
placed at the end of that series, differing from all of them,
and indeed from all known species of the genus in its prom-
inent front thoracic angles, and in the form of the hind coxal
plates. The terminal joint of the maxillary palpi may be best
described as cylindro-ovate, differing more or less from all
other species of the group, though nearest aemula; it is feebly
impressed in the male, scarcely at all so in the female.

In the paper on Listrochelus by Dr. Horn,* the prolonged
and acute free angle of the hind coxal plate is said to be a
constant character in this genus, while in Lachnosterna, the
angle is sometimes right, but never acute or prolonged. This
is a mistake. Compare for instance antennata, nitidula and
tristis of Lachnosterna with disparilis, navipcnnis and carmin-
ator of Listrochelus, and the coxal angle will be found to be
quite as prominent or even more so in the Lachnosternas.
This structure then is no more distinctive than is the. verti-
cal carina or the lingual pectination, and there remains no
single constant character for the separation of the two gen-
era.

Notes on Sesiidae.
BY HENRY ENGEL.

Sesia bassiformis Walker.

During the summer of 1905, the Messrs. Kahl and Klages
collected a number of specimens of this species at Ohio Pyle,
Pa. Previous to these captures my only record of bassiformis
from this section was a specimen given me by Mr. Knechtel.

The Ohio Pyle specimens were taken in a field where Iron
Weed grew in abundance, either resting on the leaves of these
plants or flying about in the field. This note furnished a clue
to locate this species in my collecting grounds about Pitts-

*Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. VII, 1878, p. 138.

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 165

burg, Pa., during the summer of 1906. Extensive pasture
fields, profusely covered with Iron Weed, are situated near
my home, and late in 1905, I examined many of these plants
and found the roots of a great many infested by larvae.

During early August, 1906, I closely observed the Iron Weed
in a field every evening on my way home from work. I usu-
ally arrived there about 5.45 P. M. which would seem late in
the day for collecting Sesias. But this field had the benefit
of the late afternoon sun and on August I3th, I observed three
specimens and captured two of them. The following evening
and up to September 9th, numerous specimens were taken.
Images were on the wing from 10 A. M. to sunset. Pairs
were taken in copulation from noon to 6 P. M. In one in-
stance a female was observed to deposit an egg on the under
side of a leaf. The larva enters the stem from 1-3 inches
above base and bores down into the roots. Pupation occurs
in the galleries beneath the surface in the old part of the root-
stock, about the end of July. Period of flight, August 13*
to September I4th.

In August and September, 1907, while employed at the
Merrick Museum, New Brighton, Pa., I collected several
dozen specimens in the vicinity of that town. By October
22nd, several frosts had occurred and the Iron Weed plants
were killed. I took up several infected root-stocks and found
the larvae in various stages of development, ranging from 12-
18 mm. long. The following description was taken from the
larger larvae.

Length, 18 mm., head 1.60 mm., wide, bilobed, light chest-
nut brown. Mandibles and ocelli dark brown. Front of
head sparsely covered with light brown hairs. Thoracic shield
pale brownish. Body semi-translucent, watery white. A
brownish dorsal shade broadening on the somites and in the
intersections. An indistinct whitish stigmatal line. Spiracles
oval, light brown. Thoracic legs concolorous, clouded with
pale brown outwardly. Abdominal legs concolorous, claws
circular, light chestnut brown. Tubercles not prominent, in-

166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

dicated by a short brown seta. Anal segment a little darker
dorsally than ground color. Pupa is normal, light brown.

Food plant: Vernonia, Iron weed.

The food plant of 6\ bassiformis is given in the literature
as Enpatorium purpnrcum Linn, or Joe-pie weed. This plant
has been extensively explored by Mr. Bird, Mr. Merrick and
the writer. While it is by no means free from insect depre-
dations we have not observed it infested by the larva of bassi-
formis in this section.

Sesia pyralidiformis Walker.

This modest little species was encountered in a pasture field
while I was searching for bassiformis on a very hot day in
August, 1906. It was slowly flying along near the ground
and settled on a dead daisy head. Several specimens were
taken that day and a few more during later visits. All the
specimens occurred in a comparatively small area which led
me to the conclusion that its food plant would be among the
plants in this field. About a month after I had taken the last
specimen I went to this place and looked for its probable food
'plant. The only plants of any prominence were iron weed and
boneset. As the former had disclosed a borer I commenced
splitting the stems of boneset and soon observed the very neat
gallery of a larva leading into the roots. Many plants were
found to be infested but these larvae were quite small, and
after testing patches of boneset in different localities and find-
ing these plants infested almost everywhere I concluded to
wait until the following year to continue my observations.

During July, 1907, I discovered a patch of boneset in a
field near New Brighton, Pa., in which about one-half of the
plants harbored a larva. Several dozen plants were trans-
planted in a breeding cage, and on August i8th Sesia pyrali-
diformis disclosed its identity. About 30 specimens emerged
from these plants, all appearing from 8-10 A. M. Copula-
tion took place about one hour after emerging and lasted from
i to 2 hours.

The images were very abundant in the locality where I

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 167

collected these plants and many specimens were taken as well
as observations made on their habits. On sunny days they
are on the wing from 10 A. M. to sunset. Often a female
will rest on a leaf for a while then move to the edge and by
bending the abdomen deposit a egg on the under side of the
leaf. In several cases I observed females depositing an egg
on a leaf near the head of the plant. Most of the ova are
laid on the leaves near the stem about 6 inches from the base.
The larvae enter the stems from 1-2 inches above the crown
of the stock and bore into the roots. The following year they
continue feeding in the roots and work up into the new stems
for about 1-2 inches where they prepare a place for emerg-
ence by eating through the side of the stems. Pupation takes
place in the gallery. The larvae mature from July 15-30^1.
The first pupa was observed on August 2nd. The moths were
observed from August 7th to September I3th. They are most
abundant about middle August. These observations however,
were taken from the material observed at large and the speci-
men taken on August the 7th must have been in the pupa
state about middle July. The average length of the pupa
state is about 20 days. A description of the early stages as
far as observed follows :

Ova. Straw-yellow, oblong in shape, depressed flat surface at top
and base, ovally rounded at the ends. The lower half is plain, the up-
per half ornamented by white lines in the form of irregular hexag-
onal net-work. Length 0.75 mm. Width 0.45 mm. Height 0.35 mm.

Larva, last stage. Length 14 mm., head 1.50 mm. wide, rounded,
slightly bilobed, light chestnut brown shading darker to the mouth
parts. Edge of mandibles and the ocelli darker brown. Antennae
and spinneret light brown. Head sparsely covered with pale brown
hairs. Body and abdominal legs dirty white. Thoracic shield, thoracic
legs and claws on abdominal legs pale brown. Tubercles inconspicu-
ous, indicated by single light brown setae, I shorter than II, setae slightly
longer on anal segment. Along dorsum a semi-transparent line is evi-
dent, most conspicuous in the intersections. Anal plate tinged with
light brown.

p u p a . Light chestnut brown, with the usual chisel-shaped process
developed on head. Spines on segments rather profuse.

l68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

Food plant: Eupatorium perfoliatum Linn., Thoroughwort
or Boneset.

Scsia spec? A species allied to Sesia rutilans Hy. Edw.
but differing in several respects was reared from a stock of
Sneezeweed, Helenium autumnale Linn., collected at New
Brighton, Pa., by Mr. Henry Bird. The specimen emerged
August loth, 1907.

Mr. Bird kindly donated the specimen to the Merrick Mu-
seum.

Additional Records of Tabanidae ( Horse-Flies)
of North Carolina.

BY C. S. BRIMLEY AND F. SHERMAN, JR., Raleigh, N. C.

In ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS for October, 1904, the writers
published a list of 40 species of Tabanidae then known from
North Carolina. Continued collecting since that time has
added 20 other species, some of them new. and all but one of
which have been named for us by Prof. Jas. S. Hine, to whom
we are under renewed obligations. We have, therefore, now
on record a total of 60 species for the State, two of which (No.
40 of the 1904 list and No. 60 of the present list) have not
yet been definitely located. Tabanus allynii has not been col-
lected by the writers to date, but all the others have been
taken by us or by assistants in the office of the junior author.
Specimens of nearly all are in our collections. A few records
from Pendleton in 1895 are from collections made by Mr. C.
W. Johnson. Rev. A. H. Mauee, at Southern Pines, N. C.,
has also collected somewhat in this family.

We have numbered these additional species consecutively
with the 1904 list. The letters in parentheses after the name
of a locality denote its geographical location in the State :
thus, E.=eastern, W.=western, C.=central, E. C. east-cen-
tral, etc. We also append new records as to the geographical
or seasonal range of some of the species mentioned in the
1904 list.

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. l6g

i. ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

41. Chrysops cursim Whit.

Raleigh (E. C.). June 7 to July 17; C. S. Brimley and
R. S. Woglum.

Havelock, (Lake Ellis) (E.). June 1905; May, 1906;
Brimley. Seemingly not a common species.

42. Chrysops dimmocki Hine.

Pendleton (N. E.). Early June, 1895 ; C. W. Johnson.
Havelock (E.). Late May, 1907 ; Brimley and Sherman.

43. Chrysops fallax O. S.

All our reports of this species are for the months of June
and July.

Raleigh (E. C.). June 5 to 18 ; taken by Brimley and
Woglum.

Pendleton (N. E.) Early July, 1895 ; C. W. Johnson.

Hendersonvillc (S. W.). June, 1907 ; Sherman.

Highlands (S. W.). July, 1906 and 1907 ; Sherman.

Blowing Rock (N. W. ). July 20, 1904; Sherman. This
species probably occurs throughout the State.

44. Chrysops montanus O. S.

Only two specimens of this have been collected.
Raleigh (E. C.). June 5 and 18, 1906 ; Brimley.

45. Chrysops nigribimbo Whit.

Havelock (E.). Taken rather commonly by both writers
in 1905, 1906, 1607, from late May to late June.

46. Chrysops parvulus Daecke.

Our three specimens are from two mountain localities, Hcn-
dersonville (S. W.) June, 1907, and Highlands (S. W.) July,
1907 ; Sherman.

47. Chrysops separatus Hine.

The type and only specimen of this species was taken by
C. S. Brimley at Raleigh (E. C.) April 18, 1906. Described
by Prof. Hine in Ohio Naturalist, December, 1907.

48. Chrysops sequax Will.

A species of rather late seasonal range.
Raleigh (E. C.). Not uncommon from July 9 to Septem-
ber 9 ; Brimley.

170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

49. Chrysops shermani Hine.

Highlands (S. W.). July, 1906 ; July, 1907. Common
and annoying on horse ; Sherman.

Marion (W. C.). Mid-July, 1907 ; Sherman.

50. Tabanus annnlatus Say.

Our two specimens are from the eastern section.
Havelock (Lake Ellis) (E.). July, 1905. Specimens sent
in by J. J. Ballard.

51. Tabanus exul O. S.

Our three records are all from the central part of the State
and all in July.

Pluck (C.). July, 1903 ; S. W. Poster.

Soiithivestern Alamance Co. (C.). July, 1905; Sherman.

Charlotte (C.). Late July, 1907; Sherman.

52. Tabanus fuscopunctatus Macq.

Havelock (Lake Ellis) (E. ). Late May, 1907 ; L. L. Smith.
Southern Pines (S. E. C.). Mid-May and June, 1906 ;
Rev. A. H. Manee,

53. Tabanus hinei Johns.

Havelock (Lake Ellis) (E.). Late May, 1907. Two speci-
mens taken by C. S. Brimley.

54. Tabanus lasiopthalmus Macq.

Raleigh (E. C.). May 9, 1905 ; G. M. Bentley.
Havelock (Lake Ellis) (E.). May, 1906; Brimley.

55. Tabanus longiusculus Hine.

Raleigh (E. C.). Early July, 1903; Sherman.
Lagrange (E. ). Mid-July, 1907 ; L- M. Smith.
Southern Pines (S. E. C.). Taken by Rev. Manee.

56. Tabanus megerlei VVied.

Southern Pines (S. E. C.). April, 1905; Sherman; mid-
April, 1906 ; R. S. Woglum.

57. Tabanus mexicanus Linn.

This crepuscular or nocturnal species has been taken only
at three localities in the eastern and southeastern sections of
the State.

Wilmington (S. E.). 1905; Woglum.

Wallace (S. E.). June 4, 1904; R. W. Collett.

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. iyi

Havelock (Lake Ellis) (E.). Late June and July ; a num-
ber sent by J. J. Ballard.

58. Tabanus superjumentarius Whit.
Hendersonville (S. W.). June, 1907 ; Sherman.

59. Tabanus trispilus Wied.

Pendleton (N. E.). June 7, 1895 ; C. W. Johnson.
Cashiers (S. W.). July, 1907 ; Sherman.

60. Tabanus Sp.

Two specimens not yet identified but clearly distinct from
any here recorded, have been taken at Southern Pines (S.T&.C.},
probably by Rev. A. H. Manee', and are now with Prof. Hine
for study. The eyes are hairy.

2. NEW RECORDS ON GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION.

Only such localities are given as materially extend the
known range of the species in the State, beyond what was
recorded in our 1904 list.

Chrysops brimleyi Hine.

Originally taken at Raleigh, this species has now been taken
both east and west, and is likely distributed throughout the
State.

Havelock (E.). May, 1906 ; Brimley.

Hendersonville (S. W.). June, 1907; Sherman.

Chrysops callidus O. S.

Same dates and localities as for the preceding.

Chrysops celer O. S.

Southern Pines (S. E. C.). Mid-May, 1906 ; Foster.
Hendersonville (S. W.). June, 1907 ; Sherman.
Highlands (S. W.). July, 1907 ; Sherman.

Chrysops lugens O. S.

Haveloek (E.). Late June, 1905; Brimley.

Chrysops moechus O. S.

All our Raleigh records for this species as printed in the

172 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

1904 list properly belong to C. niger. One specimen of moechus
has been taken at Raleigh (E. C.)- Sept. 3, 1903 ; Brimley.

Lillington (E. C.). Early June, 1906 ; Sherman.

Hendersonville (S. W.). June, 1907 ; Sherman.

Chrysops niger Macq.

Probably distributed throughout the State.
Pcndleton (N. E.). Early June, 1895 ; C. \V. Johnson.
Hendersonville (S. W.). June, 1907 ; Sherman.
Highlands (S. W.). July, 1907 ; Sherman.

Chrysops obsoletus Wied.

Pendleton (N. E.). June, 1895 ; C. W. Johnson.
Highlands (S. W.). July, 1907 ; Sherman.

Chrysops tmivittatus Macq.

This species, recorded in the 1904 list only from central and
east-central parts of the State, has now been taken in a num-
ber of new localities indicating general distribution in the State.

Chrysops vittatus Wied.

Our present records show this species to be in all parts of
the State the 1904 list indicated only eastern localities.

Diachlorus ferrugatus Say.

At the time our 1904 list was written but one example of
this species had come into our hands, but in June, 1905, the
writers found it to be both abundant and annoying as Have-
lock (E.).

Tabanns americanus Forst.

Present records indicate this species to be of general distri-
bution in the State.

Tabanus cinctus Fabr.

The males of this handsome species have a habit of hover-
ing in the air in the same manner as the carpenter-bees of the
genus Xylocopa.

Southern Pines (S. E. C.). Early June and late May, 1906 ;
Rev. A. H. Manee.

Highlands (S. W.). June, 1907 ; Sherman.
Tabanns coffeatus Macq.

Formerly recorded only from Raleigh, but our present rec-
ords indicate distribution throughout the State.

April, '08]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

173

Tabanus variegatus Fabr.

Tabor (S. E.). September, 1905; Woglum.
Tabanus wiedemanni O. S.

Lagrange (E.). Early August, 1904; Sherman.
Southern Pines (S. E. C.). Early July, 1904, and early
June, 1904 ; Rev. A. H. Manee.

3. SEASONAL RANGE OF COMMONER TABANIDAE

AT RALEIGH, N. C.

The species are arranged in the order of their appearance
in the year, beginning with the earliest-appearing forms and
closing with those that appear latest in the season. Based on
the observations of C. S. Brimley.

C. brimleyi, April to May 18, one

on June 18.

C. niger, May 2 to June 13.
C. callidus, May 2 to Sept. 13.
T. carolinensis, May 2 to May 13.
T. pumilis, May 7 to Aug. 17.
C. celer, May 7 to May 13.
C. uniz'ittafns, May 7 to Sept. 9.
C. carbonariits, May 15 to June 15.
C. lugens, May 18 to Aug. 16.
C. flavidus, May 20 to Oct. 18.
T. lineola, May 25 to Sept. 18.
C. obsoletus, May 26 to Oct. i.
C. viltatus, May 26 to Oct. 10.
T.fulvulus, May 28 to July 10.

T. cerastes, May 29 to June 20.
T. stygius, May 30 to July 10.
C.fallax, June 5 to June 18.
C. cursitn, June 7 to July 17.
T. molestns, June 7 to July 20.
T. inelanocerus, June 7 to July 17.
T. trimaculatus, June 17 to July 23.
C. fulvistigma, June u to July 25.
T. atratus, June n to Oct. n.
T. cojfeatus, June 13 to July 23.
T. aniericanus, June 19 to Aug. 18.
T. fronto, July 4 to Sept. 17.
C. sequax , July 9 to Sept. 9.
T. IOHQ-US, July 14 to Sept. 13.
T. variegatus, Sept. 2 to Oct. 29.

New North American Pachyrhina, with a Table

for Determining the Species.
BY R. W. DOANE, Stanford University.

In working- over the large series of Pachyrhina that have
come to me from time to time I have found it desirable to re-
vise Loew's table (Vehr. Zool-Bot. Ges. 1879, 513-516) to
include the Mexican species and other species that have since
been described. Believing that it may prove helpful to some,
especially as Loew's table is not easily accessible to all, I give

174 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

my table here together with descriptions of four nndescribed
species, including two of our most common California forms.
I have not seen specimens of P. affinis Bell, or P. excelsior
Berg, and cannot from the descriptions select any characters
which would not apply equally well to some of my specimens
of P. incurva Lw. so these three species are placed together
in the table until further study shall show some characters by
which they may be separated. P. occipitalis Lw. occurs in
two places as in the original table, as I find that desirable on
account of the occiput being more or less shining, sometimes
almost opaque.

1. Thorax wholly black 2.

Thorax not wholly black 3.

2. Abdomen altogether black altissima O. S.

Abdomen reddish-yellow toward the base .... erythrophrys Will.

3. Thoracic stripes black 4.

Thoracic stripes brownish or reddish, sometimes obsolete . . . .18.

4. Wings hyaline 5.

Wings with a yellowish or brownish tinge 12.

iincurva Lw.
affinis Bell.
excelsior Berg.
Anterior end of the lateral thoracic stripes not curved 6.

6. Pleura without spots ; occiput without a black spot . . virescens Lw.
Pleura with spots 7.

7. Pleura for the most part cinereous COllaris Say.

Pleura not cinereous 8.

8. Pleura yellow, with yolk-yellow spots ordinaria O. S.

Pleura variegated with brownish fuscous or blackish spots .... 9.

9. Head wholly black californica n. sp.

Head yellow, with a black spot on the occiput 10

10. A small black spot between the antennas ; the black spot on the occi-

put does not reach over the vertex pedunculata Lw.

No spot between the antennae ; the black spot on the occiput reaches
over the vertex n.

11. Pleura variegated with several fusco-blackish spots, posterior margin

of the eighth sternite of male only gently curved . . vittula Lw.

Pleura sulphur-yellow, with only one or two reddish-brown spots ;

posterior margin of the eighth sternite of male with a deep

V-shaped incision snowii n. sp.

12. Wings with a brownish or brownish-yellow tinge 13.

Wings with a yellowish tinge, at least along the anterior margin . 14.

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 175

13. Anterior ends of the lateral stripes of the thorax curved out,

lineata Scop.
Anterior end of lateral stripes not curved out Ingens Lw.

14. Antennae for the most part black or fuscous 15.

Antennae yellowish, darker toward the tip consularis O. S.

15. Pleura and metanotum spotted 16.

Pleura and metanotum without spots noblis Lw.

16. An opaque spot on the lateral thoracic stripes . . . . nigrolutea Bell.
No opaque spot on the lateral thoracic stripes 17.

17. Rostrum shining black above, yellow below usta O. S.

Rostrum yellow mexicana Macq.

18. Thoracic dorsum opaque 19.

Thoracic dorsum shining 22.

19. Stigma brown 20.

Stigma yellowish 21.

20. Lateral margins of the lateral thoracic stripes with three velvety-

black spots elegantnla Will.

Lateral thoracic stripes without black spots .... unimacnlata Lw.

21. Antennae longer than usual uiacrocera Say.

Antennae shorter than usual ! tennis Lw.

22. A velvet black spot at the anterior end of the lateral thoracic stripe.

punctum Lw.

No velvet black spot at the anterior end of the lateral thoracic
stripe 23.

23. Joints of the flagellum, except the basal ones, blackish 24.

Joints of the flagellum in two colors 30.

24. Occiput altogether shining 25.

Occiput opaque, with a shining triangular spot in the middle.

25. Cross-veins clouded nnifasciata Lw.

Cross-veins not clouded 26.

26. Front and occiput unicolorous sodalis Lw.

Front and occiput with a black stripe occipitalis Lw.

27. Thoracic suture colored with black at both ends 28.

Thoracic suture not colored black 29.

28. Posterior margin of the eighth sternite of the male with a rather deep

rounded incision, the edges of which bear long yellow hairs.

occidentals n. sp.

Posterior margin of the eighth sternite of the male straight or nearly
so, yellow hairs much shorter and sparser . . ferrnginea Fabr.

29 Stigma brownish-yellow occipitalis Lw.

Stigma blackish-brown gracilicornis Lw.

30. Joints of the flagellum black at the base 31.

Joints of the flagellum yellow at the base 35.

31. Occiput without distinctly defined shining triangle, xanthosligma Lw.
Occiput opaque, with a distinct shining triangle 32.

32. Costal cell colorless, stigma dark brown abbreviata Lw.

Costal cell colored, stigma yellowish-brown 33.

176 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

33. Thoracic suture tinged with black 34.

Thoracic suture tinged with reddish-brown .... circumscripta Lw.

34. Anterior end of lateral thoracic stripes curved .... wulpiana Berg.
Anterior end of lateral thoracic stripes not curved . . . saturalis Lw.

35. Antennae with more than thirteen joints in both sexes 36.

Antennae with thirteen joints breviorcornis n. sp.

36. Stigma yellowish-brown, apex of the wings not distinctly infuscated.

eucera Lw.
Stigma dark brown, apex of the wings distinctly infuscated.

polymera Lw.
Pachyrina californica n. sp.

Yellow ; head wholly black, opaque ; sides of rostrum somewhat yel-
low ; palpi black ; first three segments of antennae yellow, the third
sometimes darker toward the tip, other segments black, rather swollen
at the base, with short stiff verticles ; in the female, the 4th and 5th
segments of the antennae are more or less yellow ; ground color of
the thorax bright yellow, shining, stripes shining black, median stripe
broad, not extending back of the suture, lateral stripes reaching to
the scutellum, not curved anteriorly ; thoracic suture black in the mid-
dle ; dorso-pleural suture black ; dorso-pleural membrane yellow ; col-
lare yellow with median and lateral black spots ; pleura black anter-
iorly, yellow posteriorly; scutellum and metanotum yellow with a
median black line ; halteres yellow, knobs brown ; coxae black ; fem-
ora and tibia yellow, black at the tips ; tarsi blackish ; abdomen yel-
low with rather broad black lines dorsally, ventrally and laterally ;
segments 6, 7, and 8 sometimes almost wholly black ; hypopygium red-
dish brown ; posterior margin of the eighth sternite of the male pro-
duced into two small triangular processes which bear dense tufts of
rather long reddish-yellow hair; posterior margin of the large ninth
tergite blackish, with a deep semi-circular incision, posterior lateral
margins with a small deep U-shaped incision ; ovipositor reddish-black
at the base, valves short, straight, blunt ; wings hyaline with a faint
whitish spot in the region of the stigma; veins, stigma, and more or
less distinct spots just back of the stigma, over the origin of the prae-
furca and over the base of the basal cells brown; a faint hardly per-
ceptible cloud in all the cells ; petiole of the 2nd posterior cell as long
as the anterior cross-vein. Length, male, 15 mm, wing 13 mm., fe-
male, 18 mm., wing 14 mm.

Hab. Stanford University, Cal. Many males and females.
A single poorly preserved specimen from Pullman, \Vash..
seems to belong with this species.

Pachyrhina snowii n. sp.

Yellow ; head orange yellow, shining, somewhat lighter below ; the

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 177

broad black shining band on the occiput and the vertex attenuated
anteriorly ; a small indistinct reddish-brown spot above each eye ; ros-
trum yellow with a brown spot on each side close to the base ; palpi
brownish, lighter at the joints; first two segments of the antennae
yellow, others wholly brownish-black, middle segments slightly excised
below ; thorax sulphur yellow ; dorsal stripes black, shining, the median
one slightly dilated anteriorly; collare orange-yellow in the middle,
blackish or brownish on the sides; a small back dash in the dorsal-
pleural membrane just before the base of the wing; pleura sulphur-
yellow, variegated with one or two reddish-yellow spots ; scutellum
reddish-brown ; metanotum yellow with a faint reddish-brown spot
posteriorly; halteres brownish-yellow, darker toward the tip; coxae
and base of femora light yellow ; femora and tibia brownish-yellow,
black at the tips ; tarsi black ; abdomen yellow with dorsal, lateral and
ventral, interrupted black stripes; eighth and ninth tergites of male
wholly black ; eighth sternite black, the posterior angles and a narrow
border of the deep V-shaped incision yellowish, posterior angles bear-
ing a few yellow hairs of moderate length ; appendages of the hy-
popygium yellow ; eighth segment of female black, ovipositor reddish-
yellow, upper valves long, slender, very slightly decurved at the tip,
lower valves not reaching to the tip of the upper valves ; wings hya-
line ; costal and subcostal cells with a slight yellowish tinge; stigma
brown ; second posterior cell sessile. Length, male 13 mm., wing 13
mm., female, 14 mm., wing 13 mm.

Hab. Wyoming. One male, one female.

Much like P. vittula Lw. but may be distinguished by the
fewer lighter markings on the pleura and particularly by the
deep V-shaped incision on the posterior margin of the eighth
sternite of the male.

Pachyrhina occidentalis n. sp.

Yellow ; head opaque, orange-yellow above, much lighter yellow be-
hind the eyes and below; occiput with an arrow-shaped brownish spot;
rostrum, palpi and first three segments of antennae orange-yellow, re-
maining segments of antennae dark brown ; palpi darker toward the
tip; thorax light yellow, dorsal stripes brownish-yellow or reddish-
yellow, broad, shining, the lateral ones expanding somewhat anter-
iorly; the sides of the collare, the coxae and irregular spots on the
pleura, brownish or reddish-yellow; thoracic suture marked tvith black
at both ends and with a black spot in the middle; three black spots
along the dorso-pleunil membrane, the first just back of the collare,
the second a short distance in front of the wing and the third at the
base of the wing; scutellum and metanotum with a broad, reddish-
yellow stripe; halteres yellowish at the base, darker toward the tip,

178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

knobs brownish; femora and base of tibiae brownish-yellow, tibiae grow-
ing darker toward the tip; tarsi brown, terminal segments almost
black ; abdomen brownish-yellow, darker posteriorly, posterior and
lateral margins of the segments but slightly darker ; the eighth stern-
ite of the male long, broad, conspicuous, the posterior margin with a
rather deep rounded incision, the edges of which bear a conspicuous
fringe of long yellow hair ; posterior margin of the ninth tergite with
a small V-shaped incision, the edges of which are black ; ovipositor
reddish-yellow, upper valves straight, tips rounded, lower valves not
reaching the tips of the upper valves ; wings hyaline ; stigma brown,
more or less distinct ; second posterior cell sessile or with a very
short petiole (in two of my specimens this cell is broadly sessile in
one wing, and with a very short petiole in the other wing). Length,
male, n mm., wing, n mm.; female, 15 mm., wing, 15 mm.

Plab. Central and Southern California, Montana, Eastern
and Western Washington, Nevada, Arizona, (type from Stan-
ford University, Cal.) Many males and females.

This species is very like P. ferruginea of the eastern United
States and doubtless is the one that has been recorded from
California as ferruginea. The long, broad eighth sternite of
the male with its deeply cleft, long-haired posterior margin
at once separates it from ferruginea in which this sternite is
only slightly curved or cleft along the posterior margin and is
provided with much shorter sparser hairs. The specimens
from Arizona and one of the Washington specimens have the
anterior lateral margins of the median thoracic stripe bor-
dered with brown and in some the anterior ends of the lateral
stripes are also marked with brown. The brown spot on the
occiput is sometimes quite indistinct, in other specimens it is
well marked, sometimes drawn out into a narrow line anter-
iorly. In a few of the specimens the tip of the knob of the
halteres is yellowish. The palpi are sometimes wholly yellow
and the 4th, 5th, 6th segments of the antennae of the female

are usually more or less yellow.

Pachyrhina breviorcornis n. sp.

Yellow ; head yellow, with a brownish tinge and a small triangular
brown spot above, lighter behind the eyes ; rostrum yellow, brown on
the sides ; palpi yellow ; antennae with thirteen segments, first and sec-
ond wholly yellow, third elongate, basal half yellow, distal half brown,

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 179

segments four to twelve brown with the basal one-fourth or less yel-
low, all gently excised below, with a dense soft pubescence and a whorl
of moderately long hairs, only four or five hairs in each whorl, thir-
teenth segment short, conical, wholly brown ; thorax yellow ; dorsal
stripes reddish-brown ; pleura light yellow, a spot below the wing
brownish yellow ; scutellum yellow with a brownish tinge above ; meta-
nolum yellow ; haltcres brownish, lighter at the base, knobs darker ;
coxae brownish yellow ; legs yellowish-brown, tarsi and tips of fem-
ora % and tibiae darker ; abdomen brownish yellow, darker posteriorly,
with dorsal, lateral and ventral rows of black spots, those on the dor-
sum less distinct posteriorly, hypopygium small; eighth sternite with
a rather deep U-shaped incision ; wings with a faint yellowish tinge,
costal and subcostal cell yellowish, stigma darker yellow ; second pos-
terior cell sessile. Length, 14 mm., wing 13 mm.

llab. Battle Creek, Mich. One male.

Somewhat like P. eucera Lw. but antennae only thirteen seg-
mented, last segment shorter and the middle segments not so
deeply excised. The second posterior cell in eucera is subject
to considerable variation, in some of the specimens before me
this cell is broadly joined to the discal cell, in others it has a
short petiole, in a few the petiole is as long as or longer than
the anterior cross vein.

Some Oxybeline Wasps from New Mexico.
BY S. A. ROHWER AND T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Oxybelus fossor n. sp. $ Length $y z mm. Head and thorax deeply
and densely punctured, the punctures on the vertex sparser, mesothorax
shining but very strongly punctured ; face, cheeks and pleura with sil-
very pubescence ; prothorax not strongly carinate ; mesonotum without
depression ; scutellum and postscutellum with medial longitudinal carina ;
mandibles except tips, narrow margin of prothorax at sides, tegulae,
squama and two spots in front and spine white ; antennae (flagellum
darker above), legs except coxae, four anterior trochanters, line on inter-
mediate femora above and the anterior femora above rufous ; abdomen
clear red, shining, sparsely punctured (the punctures denser beyond the
second segment), thinly clothed with white pubescence ; a broad band on
first abdominal segment squarely interrupted in the middle, a linear ru-
dimentary band on second and third segments creamy white ; the medial
depression of first segment is indistinct. Wings milky hyaline, nervures
pale ferruginous.

ISO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

Hab. Mesilla Park, N. M. College campus, June 7, '99
(Ckll.). " Digging in sand."

Related to O. abdominalis Baker, from which it may be
known by its larger size, shining abdomen, with the punctures
on the second segment more widely separated ; the pale ferru-
ginous, instead of dark brown, venation and the narrower
spine.

Oxybelus townsendi n. sp. $. Length 5 mm. Head and thorax rather
densely but finely punctured, covered with fine silvery pubescence which
is denser on the face, cheeks, prothorax and upper posterior face of meta-
thorax ; clypeal process prominent ; mesonotum without depression ;
scutellum and postscutellum carinated, postscutellum not so strongly ;
squama rising from side of postscutellum, short, strongly curved and
sharply pointed ; spine rounded at tip and slightly broader, grooved
above until apical third ; areas of the metathorax well defined, posterior
face surrounded by a ridge, on posterior face below spine is an oval shin-
ing fovea ; abdomen finely punctured, first segment somewhat truncate
at base, the medial depression broad but distinct, second segment with a
narrow transverse basal depression. Color black ; mandibles at tip pic-
eous ; antennae, mouth parts, base of tegulae, anterior tibiae and tarsi
dull rufous ; eyes (dry) pale yellowish brown ; squama pallid ; first, sec-
ond and third abdominal segments on apical margin dull white ; first on
each side with a line of yellow ; a yellowish spot on base of hind tibia ;
three apical segments and narrow apical margin of the one before ru-
fous ; abdomen with sparse silvery pubescence. Wings hyaline, nerv-
ures brown.

Hab. L,as Cruces, N. M., August 30. Flowers of Solidago
canadensis. Dedicated to Prof. C. H. T. Townsend, who col-
lected it.

This species has its nearest ally in O. similis Cress., from
which it may be separated by the different shape of the post-
scutellum, its being feebly carinated ; fovea in face of meta-
thorax not produced beneath, the abdomen evenly punctured
throughout ; pubescence on mesothorax silvery and other color
characters.

Accompanied on the flowers by O. sparidcus, O. emarginatus
and O. cornutus.

Beloinicrus cladothricis Ckll., on Croton, between Rovve and old Pecos
Pueblo, N. M., Sept. (W. P. Ckll.). This extends the range a long dis-
tance northward.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

[The Conductors of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS solicit and will thankfully receive items
of news likely to interest its readers from any source. The author's name will be given
in each case, for the information of cataloguers and bibliographers.]

To Contributors. All contributions will be considered and passed upon at our
earliest convenience, and, as far as may be, will be published according to date of recep-
tion. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS has reached a circulation, both in numbers and circumfer-
ence, as to make it necessary to put " copy " into the hands of the printer, for each num-
ber, three weeks before date of issue. This should be remembered in sending special or
important matter for a certain issue. Twenty-five " extras," without change in form,
will be given free, when they are wanted ; and this should be so stated on the MS., along
with the number desired. The receipt of all papers will be acknowledged. ED.

PHILADELPHIA, PA., APRIL, 1908.

"Let us never forget the debt we owe to the pioneers of
science. The results of the dearly bought experience of the
past form a solid foundation of fact upon which we now stand
firmly and confidently, to enter upon new fields of investiga-
tion. The status of entomological research to-day is far dif-
ferent from what it was even ten years ago. The number of
devotees to these attractive studies is easily a hundred-fold
greater than then."- -JAMES FLETCHER.

Entomology is doing great things but we see no busts of
entomologists in the Halls of Fame. At the meeting of the
A. A. A. S., in New York, it was suggested to the President
of one of our great scientific institutions that the Hall of Fame
in the American Museum of Natural History, should contain
a bust of Thomas Say, whereupon he said he had never heard
of such an individual. Dr. Fletcher is perfectly right in what
he says, and we all honor those who have blazed the trail, but
few honors have come to entomologists. Perhaps we should
rise superior to what may be termed empty honors and glory
in the knowledge of the value of our study and its great in-
terest to mankind, now and for what it will be in the future.

181

l82 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

Entomological Literature.

DIE HYMENOPTEREN MITTELEUROPAS, NACH- IHREN GATTUNGEN UNO
ZUM CROSSEN TEIL AUCH NACH IHREN ARTEN ANALYTISCH BEAR-
EKITET. By Dr. Otto Schmiedeknecht. Pp. 804, with 120 text
figures. (Jena 1907, Verlag von Gustav Fischer.)
The present extensive treatise although it does not deal directly with
the fauna of North America, is one which will be very useful to stu-
dents of Hymenoptera in this country. Since the publication of Cres-
son's Synopsis twenty years ago, no single comprehensive work has
been available for the use of American entomologists desiring to be-
gin the study of this complex and interesting group of insects. Dur-
ing this time many new genera have been discovered, and other Euro-
pean ones found in America, until at the present time there is a great
deal lacking in the synopsis which will be in great part supplied by
the new work.

Professor Schmiedeknecht has classified all of the families down to
genera, and as the genera occurring in the United States and in cen-
tral Europe are in most cases very nearly the same, this part of the
volume may be applied to the classification of our own fauna with the
most gratifying results.

On account of the large number of species included in the parasitic
groups, these have been in most cases only generically classified, al-
though specific tables for genera of special interest like Ichneumon and
Gasteruption are given in complete form. Specific tables arc however
given for all the wasps and bees and the Chalastogastra, but they are
of no aid to American entomologists, for an extremely small number
of species are common to the two continents.

On the whole the work seems to embody the current views of the
foremost workers in each group, which allows of a much more rep-
resentative and conservative treatment than would otherwise have been
possible. Only twenty-two families are recognized. The author's own
familiarity with what is no doubt the most difficult family, the Ichneu-
monidze, makes this part of the book especially valuable.

Each family and other of the larger groups is described at some
length, with figures of wings and other diagnostic parts and also with
references to available literature.

In short, the volume is a storehouse of much that will prove use-
ful to American as well as European entomologists, and should be in
the hands of all actively interested in the classification of these in-
sects. C. T. BRUES.

MESSRS. HEBARD AND REHN are trying to tell from the appearance
of the map of the United States where the most new species of Or-
thoptera may be found. They are planning an expedition.

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 183

Notes and Ne\vs.

ENTOMOLOGICAL GLEANINGS FROM ALL QUARTERS
OP THE GLOBE.

MR. H. W. WENZEL is contemplating a collecting trip to the Mus-
koka Lake region in search of Coleoptera.

THE Report of the Entomological Society for Ontario, for 1907,
is an interesting and valuable document. Great activity is being shown
by our Canadian brethren.

PROFESSOR V. L. KELLOGG, of Stanford University, will be in Europe
from April to December of this year. His address is, care French,
Lemon & Co., Florence, Italy.

DR. P. P. CALVERT delivered an interesting course of lectures in the
Ludwick Institute course, at the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. His subject was "Studies in the Natural History of
Mexico and Central America."

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, Washington,
D. C. Under this title, Circular No. 76 of the Bureau, revised to March
i, 1908, is republished with 28 pages, an increase of 7 pages over the
first edition. It is a most helpful guide through the maze of Annual
Reports, Bulletins old, new and technical series, Circulars first and
second series, Special Reports, Bulletins and Reports of the U. S. Ento-
mological Commission, Insect Life, Farmers' Bulletins relating to Ento-
mology, Yearbook articles, Miscellaneous Reports and other publica-
tions of the variously organized entomological activities of the U. S.
Government. It has been compiled by Miss Mabel Colcord, Librarian
of the Bureau.

ERRATA VOL. XIX.

Page 2, line 16, for .023, read .23.

" 2, " 17, for .014, read .14.

" 3, " ii from bottom, for 70 read 20.

" 96, " 8, for 9 read ( $ ).

" 97, " 16, after pronounced, insert tubercle, so as to read pronoun-
ced tubercle.

" 97, " 22, should read, This species differs from a typical Xantha-
crona, etc.

" 99, " 19, for (acrotoxa) read (Acrotoxa].

" 126, for Cyrtophillites read Cyrtophyllites.

" 126, second line of description, for 55 mm. read 50 mm.

" 126 and 127, for Lythymnetes read Lithynnnetes.

" 127, for Tetrachoncha read Tetraconcha.

184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

Doings of Societies.

The Brooklyn Entomological Society met January 9th, sev-
enteen members being present. Of the old officers, President
J. L. Zabriskie, and Recording Secretary, G. P. Engelhardt,
declined re-election. The following new officers were elected
unanimously :

President, R. F. Pearsall; Vice President, E. L. Graef;
Treasurer, C. H. Roberts ; Recording Secretary, R. P. Dow ;
Corresponding Secretary, A. C. Weeks ; Librarian, J. J. Levi-
son ; Curator, Geo. Franck ; Delegate to the New York Acad-
emy of Sciences, John B. Smith; Field Committee, appointed
by the Chair.

Mr. Weeks read a paper upon "The Economic Value of
the Vespertilionidse (Insectivorous Bats)" with suggestions as
to their preservation and propagation, and gave a summary
of his observations upon a large colony of these creatures
which were domiciled in the roof of his summer residence on
Long Island last year, together with his opinion that as de-
stroyers of noxious insects they were superior to the whip-
poor will and nighthawk, and the several species of owls and
nocturnal animals and reptiles. Nothing could be said to their
prejudice, while moreover they were free from the faults of
many partially insectivorous birds, in that they did no injury
to poultry or other useful birds, fruit or vegetation. They
were practically on the alert throughout each night during
the insect season and by hibernation or emigration during the
cold period required no artificial care. Bats are able to cap-
ture many species of injurious moths which in both the larval
and mature stages are so well concealed during the day that
they cannot then be readily taken. Several methods of con-
structing artificial shelters for refuge to bats and their propa-
gation were suggested to take the place of natural hiding
places in hollow trees which were now rapidly disappearing,
with a recommendation that bats be protected by law and that
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, through the co-opera-
tion of its Divisions of Biology and Entomology cause a for-

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 185

mal and detailed investigation to be made along the lines set
forth in the paper, and if deemed of sufficient importance,
that a Farmers' or other Bulletin, embodying the results be
prepared and distributed.

Professor J. B. Smith noted that bats keep close to the
woods and take their prey entirely on the wing, hence were
not likely to be valuable as destroyers of the gypsy moth, the
brown tail and female moths generally, before the egg laying.
Air. Dow had observed while collecting under electric lights,
that a majority of moths caught by the bats were arctiids.

Mr. Olsen then related a beautiful example of maternal
solicitude. He had encountered a party of boys stoning a
wood bat, Vespertilio novaeboracensis. The animal neither
flew nor resisted but held her wings folded around her body.
On rescuing her, he discovered a new born young one within
the sheltering wings. The helpless mother had stayed to face
death for its sake. Olsen made a nest of leaves in his hat.
( )n arriving home, he found the mother and three young.

G. P. ENGELHARDT, Secretary.

At the Twentieth Anniversary Meeting of the Feldman
Collecting Social, which was held at the home of the Secre-
tary, at Wissahickon, Philadelphia, Pa., December 28, 1907,
the following members were present: Dr. Henry Skinner,
Prof. Philip P. Calvert, Philip Laurent, Albert Hoyer, Henry
W. Wenzel, Dr. D. M. Castle, Frank Haimbach, Theo. H.
Schmitz, Henry S. Harbeck, Erich Daecke, Wm. S. Hunting-
ton, H. A. Wenzel, H. A. Kaeber, George M. Greene and
Henry L. Yiereck, also Mr. Chas. Greene, visitor.

Letters were read from Chas. W. Johnson and C. Few
Seiss, members, and Wm. Beutenmuller, Edgar L. Dicker-
son, John A. Grossbeck and W. D. Kearfott, to whom invita-
tions had been extended, expressing regrets at not being able
to attend Anniversary meeting.

Professor Calvert read a paper by Vernon E. Shelford, of

1 86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, '08

the University of Chicago, on the distribution of Tiger Beet-
les and their egg-laying habits. The subject was discussed
by the members, more particularly by Mr. Henry W. Wenzel
and Dr. Henry Skinner. Prof. Calvert spoke about Lcptino-
tarsa, and said that in different years the species varies ac-
cording to Dr. Tower.

Mr. Daecke exhibited specimens of Painphila arogos Bdl.
& Lee. taken at Brown's Mills Junction, N. J., July 21, 1907.
This species has also been taken at Lakehurst, N. J. (Davis),
before which it had only been reported from Gulf States,
Iowa and Nebraska. The geographical distribution of Pam-
philas was discussed by the members.

The meeting then adjourned, and after a musical program
furnished by Mr. Haimbach, Jr., a collation was served, which
was very much enjoyed by all those present, and upon which
occasion the President read an address to the members; ad-
dresses then followed by each of those present and the Twen-
tieth Anniversary Meeting was pronounced a grand success.

FRANK HAIMBACH, Secretary.

At the meeting of the Feldman Collecting Social held Jan-
uary 15, 1908, at the residence of Mr. Henry W. Wenzel,
No. 1523 S. 1 3th Street, Philadelphia, there were thirteen
members present.

The following officers were nominated and elected to serve
during the year 1908 : President, Erich Daecke ; Vice Presi-
dent, Henry S. Harbeck; Treasurer, Henry W. Wenzel;
Secretary, Frank Haimbach ; Assistant Secretary, George M.
Greene.

The President read his annual address, which was ordered
incorporated in the minutes.

The Treasurer's report was read, and ordered filed.

The Secretary submitted a verbal report, which was ac-
cepted.

Mr. Schmitz presented a specimen of Thccla lialcsus Cram.,
taken in a room of his home on January 8th. It was sug-

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 187

gested that the pupa of this insect was brought North in a
fruit basket, and as January is its time of emergence in the
South its presence here was only accidental.

Dr. Castle spoke of his trip last summer to the mountains
near Harrisburg, Pa.

Mr. ^\ T enzel exhibited H. A. Wenzel's collection of Anthi-
cidae, from Southern Arizona, among which are probably
several new species of Xylophilus.

Mr. Greene reported the finding of Hololcpta sp. and
Cucnja flai'ipcs, under bark, in the early part of this month.

Mr. Seiss spoke about Eros aurora, and said that only one
specimen had been seen and taken at Island Heights, N. J.,
on May 5, 1907, and that very few were seen in May, 1906,
while hundreds were taken in April and May, 1905.

Mr. Wenzel thought that the large gathering of Eros au-
rora was not caused by food, but probably by the presence
of a number of females; the speaker had noticed other species
of Lampyrids under similar conditions.

Dr. Castle said that he collected one or two specimens of
Tclcphorns longnhts Lee. at Enterprise, Fla., and that no
others were seen at that time, while several days after he took
several thousand with one sweep of net.

Mr. Harbeck exhibited a specimen of Trichoccra rcgcla-
tionis Linne. This is a European species and, according to
A Id rich, has only been taken in this country, in Greenland,
and British Columbia. It was taken in numbers on Novem-
ber 19, 1907, by Messrs. Philip Laurent, at Mt. Airy, and F.
M. Arthur, at Logan, Pa.

Mr. lUand described the nature of the country about his
New Jersey home at Little Silver, Monmouth County, the
chief industry of which place is floriculture.

FRANK HAIMBACH, Secretary.

iSS ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, 'oS

At the meeting of the Feldman Collecting Social held Feb-
ruary 19, 1908, at 'the residence of Mr. H. W. Wenzel, No.
1523 S. 1 3th Street, Philadelphia, thirteen members were
present, and Messrs. Kearfott and Classen, visitors.

Mr. Kearfott exhibited his card index system, upon which
he is collecting data pertaining to the Tortricidae of the world.
The original descriptions of genera and species are given,
as well as venation, head and palpi, and other structural de-
tails.

Mr. H. W. Wenzel exhibited a number of specimens of
Macrobasis oclirca from Southern Arizona, all in coition.
Each male had selected a female of exact size of itself; the
species has a tendency to vary greatly in size.

Prof. Smith said that he would make a microscopical ex-
. animation of the sexes, and report his findings at the next
meeting.

Among the Lepidopterous collection from Southern Ari-
zona, made by Messrs. Wenzel, Jr., and Kaeber, which Prof.
Smith determined for Mr. Haimbach, the Professor pointed
out as of especial interest, specimens of Mamestra palicauda
Sm. ; this species has a white anal tuft, being the only one of
this genus with that characteristic.

Mr. Daecke exhibited specimens of Pamphila dion Edw.
taken at Brown's Mills, N. J., September 15, 1907.

FRANK HAIMBACH, Secretary.

A meeting of the Newark Entomological Society was held
January 12, 1908, in the Turn Hall annex, with seventeen
members present.

Mr. Samuel Henshaw, of Cambridge, and Mr. Otto Buch-
holz, were tendered thanks for generous donations toward the
library.

Under the topic of "Variation in Insects" Mr. Buchlmlz
exhibited a series of over sixty specimens of Arctia nc
sis, showing all variations and named varieties.

Mr. Brehme exhibited specimens of Neonympha hrn

April, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 189

illustrating- extremes in coloration. Mr. Grossbeck showed a
box of Geometrids and spoke of the great amount of varia-
tion many of the species displayed. Especially interesting
was a specimen of Thcrina fisccllaria, in which the two nor-
mally widely separated cross-lines anastomosed and parted at
the point of juncture, thus forming a quadrangle with the costa
and a triangle with the inner margin. A similar case was
that of Mcsolcnca gratnlata, where the basal and outer fields
joined centrally, having a small white costal and inner mar-
ginal spot to represent the usual broad median area. Mr.
Broadwell had a fine series of Tclca polyphcmus, showing the
gradual variation from pale yellow to dark reddish individ-
uals. JOHN A. GROSSBECK, Secretary.

A meeting of the Newark Entomological Society was held
February 9, 1908, with eighteen members present and Mr.
Henry Dietz, of New York, a visitor.

Mr. Brchme read a paper entitled "Notes on Some Saturn-
iid^e" in which he spoke of the large percentage of dead cat-
erpillars in the cocoons he had collected last fall. Sainia cc-
cropia fared worse than all other species in this respect, scarcely
A^/2 per cent, containing live pupre, and, of the dead ones only
i per cent, of those examined were infested with parasites.
Tclca pol\phcmus unlike 5\ cccropla died mostly in the larval
stage, and just before the season of pupation hundreds of lar-
vae could be seen hanging limp from the branches of their
food-plants. Of those that succeeded in forming cocoons 60
per cent, were invalid, and, as in the case of cccropla, died be-
fore pupating, though the inner as well as outer wall of the
cocoon was fully formed. Protnctlica, on the other hand,
seemed not to be affected by disease at all and even escaped
to a remarkable degree the usual infestation of parasites.
Cviifliia was not inclined more in one direction than in another
and the percentage of good cocoons remained at a par with
former years.

Tn discussing the paper Mr. Erb bore out Mr. Brchim-'s

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, 'oS

statements in regard to the dead and dried up larvae in the
cccropia and polyphemus cocoons. Mr. Doll said that infes-
tation was a purely local one, since in one locality on Long
Island, all of nine hundred to one thousand cccropia cocoons
were dead, while in another only a short distance away, he
secured over sixteen hundred good ones. Mr. Zaiser related
a somewhat similar experience where at Canarsie, Long Is-
land, all those cocoons of cccropia collected close to the sea-
shore, contained living pupae, while those some distance back
from the coast, proved to be dead. He thought the influ-
ence of the salt air might have been responsible in keeping
the parasites a\vay from the immediate shore district. In
neither of the last two instances were cocoons examined to
any extent, so that it was impossible to say whether the mor-
tality was due to parasitism or disease. Mr. Kircher re-
marked that invariably cocoons (cccropia} attached to the
branches of trees were good, while those at the base of the
tree trunk were bad.

Mr. Angelman cited the note on Erebus odora in the Feb-
ruary issue of the NEWS, and remarked that many more speci-
mens were taken in western localities than in eastern ones, a
fact probably due to the moths travelling northwardly from
Mexico, along the range of the Rocky Mountains, and thence
scattering to the lower lands. He thought it not beyond the
bounds of possibility, however, that the insect should breed in
the territory where it was found. Mr. Doll spoke of the abun-
dance in which the species occurred at Brownsville, Texas,
where during the day a dozen or more would gather on the
walls of the hut assigned to him as a temporary habitation.
Mr. Buchholz said that Mr. Kemp had a similar experience
in the West Indies, where the insects would actually come to
the dining table, attracted by the odor of beer. Mr. Doll said
he found a single larva at Brownsville, and believes that it is
a general feeder on low plants. The recorded food-plant, fig,
does not occur at Brownsville.

JOHN A. GROSSBECK, Secretary.

MAY, 1908.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

Vol. XIX.

No. 5

Halter americana Cockerell.

EDITOR :

HENRY SKINNER, M. D.
PHILIP P. CALVERT, Ph.D., Associate Editor,

EZRA T. CRESSON.
PHILIP LAURENT.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE:

HENRY L. VIKRKCK. J. A. G. REHN.

WILLIAM J. FOX.

H. W. WENZEL,

PHILADELPHIA:

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Entered at the Philadelphia Post-Office as Second-Cl* Matter

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A SPECIAL OFFER

Of Rare Lepidoptera for the Month of May Only. Specimens are in Papers; in perfect
condition. Send 12 cents additional with each order to cover postage and packing.

Actias maenas var. lathonia, male 3.50

leto (northern India), male 3.50

selene, male 2.00

" artemis (Japan), male i.oo

Attacus atlas (Celebes Islands) 1.50

Anthereae royeli, male 2.00

heifer 7, male i.oo

assamensis, male 2.00

Brahma japonica i.oo

Tfiiit'palpus iinperialis^ female 2.50

Papilio blumcii s oo

" androcles 2.00

bnddha, male f>u

" mayo, male 75

Caligo euryloclnts i.oo

" atreus i.oo

Thaumantis diores, male 60

Kallima albofaciatta, male i.oo

Butterflies from Assam. A fine assortment containing several varieties
of Delias, Cethosia, Charaxes, Amathusia, Camadeva. Papilio paris, and
many other desirable varieties. No duplicates. All correctly named.

JOHN H. MATTHEWS, 3219 H. 13th Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

ARIZONA INSECTS.

Will collect in most orders or families or season's catch. Also in botany,

especially cactii and herpetology reptiles and amphibians if notified early in

the season. Agent for sale of Coleoptera, Mr. L. H. Joutel, 164 E. H7th St.,
New York City.

DR. R. E. KUNZE, Phoenix, Arizona.
CATALOGUE OF THE

NEUROPTEROID INSECTS

(EXCEPT ODONATA)

OF THE UNITED STATES
BY NATHAN BANKS

Complete to Summer of 1907 Price 50 cts. (net) per copy Mailed on receipt of price

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Price List; just issued.

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When Writing Please Mention " Entomological News."

ENT. NEWS, VOL. XIX.

PI. X.

EUDAMUS TITYRUS.

PAPILIO AJAX (BIFORMED).
(SMYTH)

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS

AND

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA.

VOL. XIX.

MAY, 1908.

No. 5.

CONTENTS:

Smith Two Freaks : Papilio ajax and

Eudamus tityrus 191

Pearsall Eastern Eupithecias 192

Swett Packard's Eupithecias 196

Girault Texas, Virginia and Maryland
notes on the Catalpa Sphinx, Cera-
tomia catalpae Boisduval 197

Doane New Species of the Tipulid
genus Rhypholophus, with a Table
for Determining the North Ameri-
can species 200

Banks A new genus and species of
Neuroptera 203

Coolidge and Newcomer The Life His-
tory of Euchloe ausonides Boisd. . . 204

Felt Contarinia gossypii n. sp 210

Houghton The Blackberry Leaf-Miner 212

Bowditch Notes on Pachybrachys 216

Saverner Migrating Butterflies 218

Rohwer Some Larrid Wasps from Col-
orado 220

Wellman Notes on some Angolan In-
sects of Economic or Pathologic

Importance 224

Jones Callosamia angulifera Walk.,

n. var. Carolina 231

Tandy The Carpenter Mud Wasp 231

Editorial 233

Notes and News 234

Doings of Societies 236

Obituary James H. Ridings 242

_Prof. Willis Grant Johnson. 242

Two Freaks : Papilio ajax and Eudamus tityrus.

BY ELLISON A. SMYTH, JR., Blacksburg, Va.

(PI. X.)

There has always been a fascination for me in breeding
from the egg Papilio ajax, and repeating in various combina-
tions Edwards' classical experiment with this species. Doubt-
less everyone who has bred this fly has noted the varied length
of pupation in individuals of the same brood, has had early
spring eggs produce one form in a few weeks, others of the
same brood bring forth another form in midsummer, still
others disclose imagines of a third form in the late fall and
some pass over one or even two winters and produce the dif-
ferent forms the second or even the third spring, summer or
fall. In a large series bred from eggs laid in June, 1902, which
gave walshii, telamonidcs and marccllus at appropriate periods,
I had- one pupa among others last over until April, 1903, when
it disclosed a biformed female, the left side of which had only
the small white spot at the end of the tail (shall I call it ajax

191

I9 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

walshiit), and the right half with the terminal caudal spot
extended up the sides of the tail (aja.v telamonides) . The ac-
companying photograph is of this individual, now in my col-
lection. It will be noticed that the apex of the left fore wing
is apparently not fully developed : the reason for this may also
be the cause of the bi- formation.

The other figure is of a specimen of Eudamns tityrus with
the yellow spots suffused over the apical area of the forewing.
It was caught by me in a garden in Charleston, S. C., June
29, 1897, in company with a large series of normal specimens
of the same species and its peculiarities were not noticed un-
til it was afterwards expanded. On the under side of the
hind wings the silver-white spot, large in the normal form, is
reduced to a mere dash along the base of the cell, and an
isolated faint mark at right angles to and touching sub-costal
vein opposite base of cell.

Eastern Eupithecias.

BY RICHARD F. PEARSALL.

Eupithecia catskillata n. sp.

Expanse 16-17 mm. Palpi long, rather heavy, dark brown, the tips
white. Antennae silvery, annulate with pale brown, shortly ciliate in $ .
Vertex and front with dark brown and gray scales mixed.

Thorax with band of dark brown crossing it in front centrally by
a narrow pure white band not always present; the scutellar region
tipped with a conspicuous spot of white scales. Fore wings broad, well
rounded, pale gray tinged with yellow brown. A dark area at base,
crossed by a series of faint lines a little darker, is limited by a double
pale line which leaves costa above discal spot, sweeps outward in a
bold curve quite around and touching it, and in another broad outward
curve reaches inner margin one-half out. This line is broader and
clearer than the extra discal pale line which is also present, and,
angled outward below costa, runs parallel with it. rather nearer the
margin than usual. Between them a dusky shade line, is marked with
short dashes on veins. The subterminal white line very obscure and
narrow, except at anal angle where it forms a broad lunule curved in-
ward. Discal dots oval, distinct, black. Below discal dot, at end of
cell, is a small patch of yellow scales present in all of my examples.
Subterminal space dark like basal area, frosted costally at apex with
white. Marginal line usually entire, black. Fringes long pale gray with

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 1 93

darker patches at end of veins, on all wyigs. Hind wings rounded,
paler subcostally, otherwise the same arrangement of lines as on fore
wings but without darker basal area, and much more obscure. Discal
dot small, faint. Beneath grayish white. The double series of pale
lines as above, very apparent, almost pure white, and the separating
dusky lines diffuse. Basal line on hind wings rounded, entire, an intra
discal runs outward to discal dot, though not always touching it, turns
backward to inner margin at almost a right angle, and extra discal with
outward curve around discal dot, reaches inner margin one-half out.
A diffuse, dusky shade line, subterminally. Abdomen beneath and legs
pale silvery gray.

Type $ and $ taken in Big Indian Valley, Catskill Moun-
tains, the former May 25th, '06, the latter May 31, '06, in my
collection.

Co-types 24 $ and 5 taken in same locality May 25 to June
12. Readily determined by the patch of yellow scales on fore
wings beneath discal dot on fore wings, and the snow white
scutellar area. Near to fletcherata Taylor, but smaller.

Eupithecia erpata n. sp.

Expanse 17-18 mm. Palpi long dark brown, mixed gray scales. Ver-
tex and front dark brownish ash. Thorax and abdomen above, dark
wood brown with a few pale scales intermixed, the second segment
entirely soiled white, the sixth and seventh, with black dots laterally;
tufts, small, black, all wings somewhat extended, above dark ashen
brown faintly tinged with yellowish, the latter more apparent on fore
wings, at junction of veins three and four, and subterminally, especially
toward apex. Over all is a thin sprinkling of black scales, heaviest
along costa and subterminally. Basal area to discal line is crossed
by wavy indefinite lines, of darker hue. The black discal line curves
sharply outward at costa, then recedes toward base, touching inner
margin, one-third out. It is faint and narrow, bordered by a pale
gray line. The intradiscal, also faint, starts from costa, with an ill-
defined cloud above discal dot, extends outward to include same,
and thence straight to inner margin. In rubbed examples this line is
frequently wanting, with the discal space paler and clear. The extra
discal with its succeeding double pale lines, are sharp and distinct,
the former black, more intense centrally, where also a few white
scales border it outwardly. It curves gently outward around cell,
without angle at costa, to inner margin, having sharp inward spurs
on veins one and two. Subterminal space darker; the central clear
white line runs in waves parallel to the double lines, and ends near
anal angle in a larger angular white patch. Marginal line black nearly

194 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

entire. Fringes long dusk}', cut sharply with dark brown at ends of
veins.

Hind wings paler costally, the cross lines fading out except the dis-
cal and extra discal, both crossing the wing in regular curves, to inner
margin, the latter and its succeeding pale lines, well marked. Sub-
terminal space darker, narrow, traversed centrally, as in fore wings,
with a clear white waved line. Fringes as on fore wings. Discal
dots on all wings small black, wanting in some examples. Beneath,
pale ash gray, the lines above distinctly reproduced, especially the ex-
tra discal, and a subterminal shade line which are black at costa on
fore wings. Discal spots linear, black, very distinct. Hind wings with
cross lines diffuse, the discal boldly angled outward at cell turns sharp-
ly backward to inner margin, intradiscal rounded to discal spot which
it includes, thence parallel with discal line to margin, extra discal
starting from costa with strong outward curve encircles discal spot
thence straight to inner margin, and subterminal, parallel with margin,
these latter as in fore wings most distinct; discal dots round, black,
prominent. Body beneath and legs pale ashen.

Type $ and 2 taken in Big Indian Valley, Catskill Moun-
tains, the former, May 5, '07, the latter April 29, '07, together
with 18 co-types in both sexes in my collection.

I have received this species from Mr. F. A. Merrick, New
Brighton, Pennsylvania and from Massachusetts. It resembles
palpata but is smaller. From that species it differs in having
the pale line near base of abdomen and its tip beneath not dark.
Its striking features are prominence of the extra discal and
pale lines above on all wings, and by the short inner margin
of hind wings which causes the lines to run from it almost
laterally for half their length, the anal angle being nearly ob-
literated.

After a long period of obscurity Eup. coagulata Guen. has
been separated from geminata Pack., but there still remain
under the latter name two distinct species, not difficult of
separation with good series of specimens. To which be-
long the name of geminata? In Dr. Packard's original de-
scription (5th Report Peab. Acady., page 58) he notes, one
special feature the large discal dots on all wings which
serves to fix the application of his name to the larger spe-
cies with its expanse of 25 mm. and over. The smaller spe-

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 195

cies I describe herewith, having before me a series of eleven
in both sexes, under the name of

Eupithecia meritata n. sp.

Expanse 20-22 mm. Head, thorax, body, except second segment of
abdomen, which is black, and wings above, a uniform dark cinerous,
crossed by fine black lines, or rows of dots on veins. These lines en-
larged at costa, the two largest just preceding and beyond the discal
dot. The basal line at costa bends sharply outward, then retreats to-
ward base at inner margin. The discal line, with a short outward
angle at costa, runs straight across wing. Extra discal is a series of
dots on veins, rounded out from costa to below cell, thence direct to
inner margin. Midway between these a fine black distinct line starts
from costa, rounds out sharply to enclose discal dot, below which it
runs straight to inner margin, sometimes wavy. Subterminal clear
space, beyond the narrow pale line following extra discal, and parallel
to it, is traversed centrally by a fine whitish crenulate line, a little
clearer at anal angle. Centrally the veins are marked quite freely
with black dashes. Fringes long, cinerous, darkened at ends of veins.
Fine terminal line black. Abdomen, with scattering brownish scales,
tufts small, black; below somewhat darker. Body and legs pale ciner-
ous. Comparison with geminata Pack, might be useful and descriptive.
It may be separated thus : Beside its smaller size which is quite con-
stant, the upper surface is darker, more distinctly marked with black
fine lines, or sharply dotted. The white line in submarginal space is
clear and continuous, and the discal dots large oval, jet black on fore-
wings, are entirely wanting on hindwings, or very faint and small ;
while in geminata, the discal dots on all wings are large and very
prominent. Beneath, the surface is crossed by well-defined bands, a
little diffuse in some examples, the extra discal on both wings and
the pale line beyond it particularly clear. The white submarginal line
reappears below quite plainly and the discal dots if present are fainter-
while in gcininata the under surface is clear silvery cinerous, the pale
line beyond extra discal only showing by contrast with dusky shade
preceding and subterminally, the latter not traversed by white line,
and the discal dots large, distinct on all wings.

Type, $ and 5 from Big Indian Valley, Catskill Moun-
tains, July 6 and 16, 1899, in my collection. Co-types from
Air. F. A. Merrick, New Brighton, Pa., taken in August,
1907, represented in the Merrick Museum, and in my collec-
tion.

NOTE In March issue Hut. News, the date of capture <>!"
9 type of Eup. conformata should read April 23, 1904, and
of the types of filniata April 29, 1907.

196 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

Packard's Eupithecias.

BY L. W. SWETT.
Eupithecia palpata.

This species has been discussed by Rev. G. W. Taylor and
Mr. J. Grossbeck in the ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS and Canadian
Entomologist. About two years ago my esteemed friend, Dr.
Russel of Winchendon, Mass., sent me about twenty-five of
this species and I took them to Cambridge to compare with
the type of Eupithecia luteata under which name Packard
listed it as a synonym. The type of luteata was there with the
correct label, a male in poor condition, also palpata $ Bruns-
wick, Maine, but no other type specimens. I found that pal-
pata had longer palpi than luteata but was rubbed so that I
didn't want to be positive. I communicated with Dr. Taylor
and Mr. Grossbeck and told them what I found. Shortly after-
wards I received a specimen of palpata labelled ornata Hulst,
from Dr. Taylor with the locality Penn., but agreeing with
my specimens except that the fringe was slightly darker. A
little while after, I received a second letter from Dr. Taylor
saying that he agreed with me as to palpata and that Hulst
had identified incorrectly that species as his ornata which was
not like the true ornata Hulst. So matters began to clear and
Dr. Taylor and Mr. Grossbeck were entirely correct in their
articles, though I am afraid I influenced them somewhat
by being unwilling to separate the two at first, even though
it was I who first noted the structural differences. On my
last trip to Albany I found the remaining types of Eupithecia
palpata male and female agreeing with the Maine type at Cam-
bridge but much larger. The Albany types bear the label
Eupithecia palpata and below E. luteata, showing that Pack-
ard was uncertain of his species. Now being sure that I
had palpata correct as I knew all the types I went to Cambridge
and made minute comparisons. Eup. luteata is badly rubbed
but can be separated from palpata as follows : palpi of luteata
short, scarcely beyond head, extra discal line angulated be-
low costa the median portion is rubbed but I believe a line
must have run through discal spot once, for on the inner

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

margin directly beneath discal mark is a prominent black dash.
Eup. palpata has long palpi, extra discal line always rounded
below costa never angulated in the series of 60 specimens which
I have compared and lacks the black line on inner margin and
is only two-thirds as large as hiteata. Now that we know all
the types which we did not before and found luteata labels in
Packard's handwriting on palpata types at Albany, I think we
have good grounds for knowing that Packard confused the
two species and that they should be listed as separate spe-
cies. This in no way effects the previous excellent articles
by Mr. Grossbeck and Dr. Taylor but confirms their statements
and settles the standing of palpata by finding the missing types
at Albany. It is strange the older authors did not know this
species as it seems to be very common, extending from north-
ern Maine to Pennsylvania and is not variable.

Texas, Virginia and Maryland notes on the Catalpa

Sphinx, Ceratomia catalpae Boisduval.

BY A. ARSENE GIRAULT.

The caterpillars of this species were very abundant and in-
jurious in 1904 to catalpa trees (Catalpa species) lining some
of the streets of the city of Paris, Texas. On certain streets
they became so abundant as to be very annoying to pedestrians.
During the season of 1904, I made tentative observations on
the insect and these form more or less of an outline of the
seasonal history of the species for that locality. Some addi-
tional -notes are also submitted from southwest Virginia, and
Annapolis, Maryland.

At Paris, Texas, on the 28th of June, 1904, it was noted that
injury to the catalpa trees was noticeable and that the frass
from the caterpillars made a noise like dropping rain. On
the I3th of August, the caterpillars were so numerous on a
row of catalpa trees on one side of east Lamar Avenue, that
their frass covered the sidewalks beneath the infested trees for
several blocks, and the continual dropping of it sounded very
much like rain pattering on dead leaves in a forest; at this
time, the pattering noise was much more noticeable than in

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

late June. Besides, many of the large caterpillars, and those
that were parasitized, were wandering over the pavements or
crawling on fences and so forth, and by their presence added
more or less to the general annoyance. On that date many of
the trees were completely stripped of foliage, while others
bore large bare patches, entirely destroying their appearance.

On September 23, 1904, the following note was made con-
cerning this insect: "Nearly every catalpa tree in this vicinity
was defoliated at some period during the present summer by
these larvae ; especially those on Lamar Avenue where the
sidewalk was coated with pellets of frass for several months
(August, September). Some of these trees put on as many
as three sets of leaves during the season, while nearly all were
stripped once and put out a second set. If this was repeated
every season, the drain on the vitality of the trees would soon
kill them."

According to notes the insect first made its appearance late
in April. On May 7th, it was recorded that the larvae of the
first generation were in instars II and III, and that these
were pupating about May 21. The larvae of the second genera-
tion were present in different instars on June 2Oth. On July
ist, eggs were found, and larvae were pupating in numbers on
July 3d, so that the generations soon afterwards became con-
siderably mixed, and the notes failed to record anything more
definite than that the third generation of caterpillars was pres-
ent in July. The moths were then common. Another lapse
then occurs in the notes, but on September 23d, it was record-
ed that a fourth generation of larvae was present many of
which were nearly full grown. I am uncertain whether this
was a fourth or fifth generation. It was noted that at that
time the generation was much decreased in numbers, not as
large, for instance, as the third generation. These notes indi-
cate at least four generations of the species in northeastern
Texas. The duration of the pupal in star in July was from
about 10 to 12 days.

The caterpillars were much attacked by tachina flies, but
none of the flies were reared. On August I7th, 211 specimens

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 199

of the braconid parasite Apanteles congre gains Say (Detr. J.
C. Crawford) were reared from a nearly full grown larva
found several days previously, bearing the usual white cocoons
on its body. No hyperparasites were present in this case.

At Blacksburg, Virginia an egg-mass of this species was col-
lected on May 26, 1902 on the under surface of a leaf. These
hatched on the morning of June 4th, or 9 days later. The top
layer of eggs hatched first, and the egg-shells were not eaten by
the larvae. The vacated egg-shells were of a dull heliotrope
color. On June 7th at 3 P. M., some of the caterpillars began
to pass through the first ecdysis, and this was completed on
the 8th. On June nth the second ecdysis occurred, and on the
I4th the third. Unfortunately on the i6th, all of the larvae
died from the effects of eating poisoned leaves accidentally
given to them. A single cocoon of an ichneumon parasite was
found attached along the petiole of one of the leaves intro-
duced into the cage for food. This was found on June 2Oth,
and w r as elliptical, oval, gray, with two interrupted dark bands,
one near each end, irregular spots of the same color on each
end, and about a quarter of an inch long; it was apparently
the cocoon of a species of Atnorphota Forster, or an allied
genus in the Campoplegini. Near this cocoon the withered
remains of a catalpae larva was found; a large hole was present
on one side of the thorax near the head. These facts are
mentioned because I believe there are no recorded primary
parasites of the catalpa sphinx in the family Ichneumonidae.

A year previously, on July 8th, 1901, I twice observed a
heteropteron sucking the juices from the body of young cater-
pillars, but have no note indicating what species it was.

At Annapolis, Maryland, the larvae were noticeably abundant
July 29th, 1899, and present in various instars as late as Oc-
tober loth, the same year. On June 3Oth, 1900 in the same
locality in regard to a group of catalpa trees on the suburbs
of the city, it was noted that some of them were completely
stripped of their foliage, presenting a very desolate appearance.
The caterpillars were also present in numbers near Annapolis
in the month of September, 1901 and 1902.

200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

New species of the Tipulid genus Rhypholophus,
with a Table for Determining the

North American species.
R. W. DOANE, Stanford University.

1. Discal cell closed, or coalescing with the second posterior cell . . 2.
Discal cell open, coalescing with the third posterior cell n.

2. Wings variegated with gray or brown markings 3.

Wings uniformly colored . . 5.

3. Sixth and seventh longitudinal veins divergent, wings spotted with

brown in all the cells innocens O. S.

Sixth and seventh longitudinal veins parallel or converging toward
the tip 4.

4. A narrow, indefinite, sometimes almost obsolete brown band runn-

ing from the stigma across the central cross-veins.

fascipennis Zett.

Three more or less definite brownish or grayish bands across the
apical portion and three spots in the basal portion of the wing.

nubilus O. S.

5. Seventh vein arcuated in such a way that the axillary cell is as wide

or wider in the middle than at the tip 6.

Sixth and seventh veins divergent at the tip 8.

6. Discal cell open, coalescing with the second posterior cell.

holotrichus O. S.
Discal cell closed 7.

7. Antennae altogether brownish arcuatus n. sp.

First and second segments of the antennae yellow . . fnmatus Doane.

8. Antennae altogether brownish divexus n. sp.

Antennae yellow at the base 9.

9. Discal cell open, coalescing with the second posterior cell.

flaveolus Coq.
Discal cell closed 10.

10. First four segments of antennae yellow nigripilis O. S.

First two segments of antennae yellow fusiformis Doane.

11. Thorax reddish, with a distinct black line in the middle.

rubellus O. S.
Thorax brownish or yellowish 12.

12. Wings with a conspicuous stigmatal spot 13.

Stigmatal spot not conspicuous 15.

13. First two segments of antennae yellowish .... lanuginosus Doane.
Antennse wholly brownish .... 14.

14. Claw at the tip of the lobes of the hypopygium simple, with a single

straight branch at the base meigenii O. S.

Claw at the tip of the lobes of the hypopygium complex, base very
broad and emitting three short curved branches.. cornutus n. s.

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 2OI

15. Thorax light yellow 16.

Thorax brownish or brownish-yellow 17.

16. Antennae and palpi, except basal joint, brown .... cockerelli Coq.
Antennae wholly yellow parallelus n. sp.

17. Antennas of male long, reaching beyond the root of the wings . . 18.
Antenna of male not reaching beyond root of wings, .manicatus Doane.

18. Antennae of male longer than the whole body . . . longicornus n. sp.
Antennas not longer than the whole body 19.

19. Thorax with three brown stripes affiuis Lund.

Thorax without stripes monticola O. S.

Rhypholophus arcuatus n. sp.

Brown; head grayish brown, front darker; rostrum, palpi and anten-
nae brown, the latter somewhat lighter toward the base ; thorax brown
with a grayish bloom, with rather long yellow hairs ; scutellum and
metanotum hoary ; halteres pale, knobs slightly darker ; legs light
brown, tarsi darker; abdomen brown with rather dense light yellow
hair; ovipositor long, ferrugineous, upper valves strongly arcuated;
wings brown, pubescence rather dense of medium length ; stigma slightly
darker; veins darker brown; auxiliary cross vein about half way be-
tween the origin of the praefurca and the tip of the auxiliary vein ;
discal cell closed, seventh vein arcuated in such a way that the axil-
lary cell is broader in the middle than at the tip. Length 6 mm., wing
8 mm.

Hab. Ithaca, N. Y. Two females.

Rhypholophus divexus n. sp.

Brown; palpi and first joint of antennae dark brown, other segments
of antennae very light brown ; thorax wholly light yellowish-brown ;
legs brown ; femora, except at the base, much darker ; abdomen brown ;
with dense rather long brownish-yellow hairs ; ovipositor ferrugineous,
upper valves strongly arcuated ; wings brown ; stigma darker brown,
distinct; pubescence rather long and dense; discal cell opening into the
second posterior cell ; sixth and seventh veins diverging. Length 4 mm.,
wing 6 mm.

Hab. Keyport, Wash. One female.

Rhypholophus longicornus n. sp.

Brown ; palpi and antennae brown, elongate the latter in the male
A as long as the whole body; joints of the flagellum somewhat fusiform
with a dense whirl of long fine light-brown hairs; thorax brownish
yellow, slightly darker above ; halteres yellowish brown, tips of knobs
darker brown ; legs light brown ; abdomen brown with rather dense
long light-yellowish hairs ; hypopygium yellow, lobes somewhat elon-
gate, claws reddish-brown darker at the tips^ ovipositor ferrugineous,
long, slender, upper valves conspicuously arcuated ; wings rather broad,

202 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

brown, stigma and the costal cell somewhat darker ; pubescence long
and dense over the whole wing; discal cell opening into the third pos-
terior cell; distal portion of the sixth and seventh veins subparallel.
Length 4 mm., wing 6 mm.

Hab. Keyport, Wash. Two males, two females.

Rhypholophus parallelus n. sp.

Yellow ; front and palpi somewhat darker ; antennae wholly yellow ;
thorax reddish yellow, slightly darker above ; halteres pale yellow ;
knobs slightly infuscated at the tip ; legs yellowish ; abdomen brownish
above, yellow below ; ovipositor reddish-yellow, upper valves somewhat
arcuated; wings brown, rather narrow; stigma indistinct; discal cell
opening into the third posterior cell ; distal portion of the sixth and
seventh veins subparallel, the latter slightly arcuated ; pubescence on
the wings rather long and dense. Length 5 mm., wing 6 mm.

Hab. Ithaca, N. Y. Two females.

Rhypholophus cornutus n. sp.

Yellowish-brown ; rostrum and palpi darker brown ; antennae light
brown, joints of the rlagellum of the male with a dense soft pubescence
and long verticles, those of the female with the pubescence less dense ;
thorax yellowish-brown with sparse reddish-yellow hairs ; halteres
yellowish ; legs brownish, femora lighter toward the base ; abdomen
brown, with long sparse yellow hairs ; hypopygium reddish-brown,
horny appendages black, those at the tip of the lobes very broad and
emitting three short curved branches ; ovipositor reddish-yellow, upper
valves slightly arcuated ; wings brown ; stigma darker brown ; pubescence
on wings not very long or dense ; discal cell opening into the third pos-
terior cell; distal portions of the sixth and seventh veins subparallel.
Length 5 mm., wing 6 mm.

Hab. Stanford University, Cal. Two males, one female.

EVELYN GROESBEECK MITCHELL has brought suit against Dr. Harrison
G. Dyar to recover $35,000 damages on account of a review of her
book on mosquitoes which he published in the Canadian Entomologist.

NOTE ON Pcrilitiis cimericanus RILEY. At Paris, Texas, adults of
Megilla maculata DeGeer were quite commonly found during the sec-
ond week in July, 1904, and later, adhering to the cocoons of this
species, its parasite, in corn fields. Many of these cocoons were
brought into the laboratory and the resulting parasites proved to be
all females, which varied considerably in size. The cocoons of the
parasite were still numerous in August at Paris and were also found
at Will's Point, Texas, on August isth. The pupal instar was record-
ed in two cases, beginning with the formation of the cocoon: July 16-
22, 5 ] / days, and July 18-23, 5 days. A. A. GIRAULT, Paris, Texas.

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 203

A new genus and species of Neuroptera.
BY NATHAN BANKS.

Recently Dr. J. B. Smith in sending some New Jersey ma-
terial, included a few forms from California. Among the
latter is a specimen of a Hemerobiid belonging to a new genus
and species. As I have lately revised our species of this family
it is with much interest that I add this striking form to our

fauna.

CHARGES n. gen.

Body thick and heavy as in Polystoechotes, head rather small,
no ocelli ; antennae broken, scarcely the diameter of basal seg-
ment apart, and closer to the small eyes ; pronotum about three
times as broad as long, a little broader behind than in front,
abdomen rather short and stout. Legs slender, tibial spurs dis-
tinct, no spines, but many hairs and bristles, apical tarsal joint
as long as basal, others much shorter. Wings moderately
slender ; in the fore wings the radius and sub-costa do not unite
near tip, although they come very close together; beyond the
stigmal region the radius is bent downward and emits several
forked branches from its upper side to the margin of wing;
the lower branch of the median vein, soon after its origin,
unites with the cubital ; the latter gives off a number of branch-
es to the margin ; cross-veins quite numerous, but not in ser-
ies ; at costal base is a recurrent vein ; the radial sector arises
near base of wing, but has only four branches ; the costal cross-
veins are outwardly oblique. The hind wings are veined much
like the fore pair, but the lower branch of the medius does not
run into the cubital vein, but parallel to it, and soon forks ;
cross-veins hardly as numerous as in the fore pair; and radial
sector with five branches.

In many respects this is similar to Polystoechotes, but differs
at once by the subcosta not joining the radius, by the much
fewer branches of the radial sector, irregular cross-veins, and
in forewings by the union of lower branch of median vein to
the cubital.

Oliarces clara n. sp.

Head and body dark brown, mouth and antennae paler; pronotum
clothed with long dark hair; legs dull yellowish, very hairy; abdomen

204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

pale brown beneath, darker above, very hairy, the apical joints beneath
are flattened, and the last has a broad basal concave scar, this last seg-
ment in the male (at least), is about twice as broad as long, with nearly

Forewing Oliarces clara Banks.

parallel sides, and at each side shortly before tip is a very large, stout
appendage, with a broadly rounded, incurved tip, all very hairy. Wings
hyaline, venation whitish, the radius at extreme base is fuscous. Ex-
panse 35 mm.

One specimen from Walter's Station, Calif., April; kindly
sent me by Prof. J. B. Smith.

The Life History of Euchloe ausonides Boisd.
KARL R. COOLIDGE AND EWAL J. NEWCOMER.

Euchloe ausonides was first described by Boisduval in 1852,
in the Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France. Since
then it has been described and figured by Edwards, Mead,
Holland, Wright, and others. It is closely allied to the Euro-
pean ausonia, and we believe the two forms will prove iden-
tical. Beutenmuller writes*, "The European species is double
brooded, and as far as I can learn the larva is also different
from our species." As with other North American forms of
Euchloe, ausonides has usually been considered monogoneutic,f
but in several cases which we observed last year, imagines have
emerged in the early summer instead of hibernating in the chry-
salis, thus indicating the representatives of a second brood.

Edwardsf says of ausonides: "Ausonides, as remarked by

*Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. p. 240, 1898.

fW. H. Edwards (Can. Ent, XXIV, 109) writes: "I am told that
some collectors think that A. hyantis is the spring form of ausonides.
If so, it is a mistake. There is but one annual brood of ausonides. In
different years I have had four examples come from bred pupae ; all in
the month of March ; all typical ausonides."

JButt. N. Am. V. 2, 1874.

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 2O5

Dr. Boisduval, is scarcely distinguishable from ansonia Hbn.,
a species found in the regions bordering the Mediterranean,
and subject to much variation, especially in the degree of
mottling of the underside of the secondaries.

The alpine variety simplonia Freyer, seems nearest the us-
ual American type, though we have also individuals in which
the markings approach belia Esper., considered to be another
variety of ansonia,

A comparison of the larvae and the chrysalids would best
determine the relationship, but I have been unable to find a
description of these stages of ansonia. It is to be noticed that
where a species becomes widely dispersed and sections are sep-
arated by impassable barriers, the larvae are often first to differ,
and may become quite distinct before any wide difference is
observed in the imago."

As in all our species of Euchloe, ansonides exhibits con-
siderable variation especially in size and the density of colora-
tion. In the male the ground color is sometimes pure white,
but may be more or less yellow-tinted. The female frequently
has the upper surface of the secondaries suffused with a buff
or ochraceous tint and the dark green marbling of the inferior
surface of the secondaries varies somewhat in density in both
sexes. The discal spot also varies considerably; sometimes it
is reniform, or lunate, or in the form of a sinuous bar, of
variable breadth. As a rule, western specimens are much
larger than eastern. We do not consider the variety hyantis
Hy. Edw., as placed by Dyar and Skinner, a variety of auson-
idcs. It is not the summer brood as we have compared our
specimens with descriptions of hyantis and find them abun-
dantly distinct. Specimens of the summer brood closely re-
semble those of the typical form, except in being more yel-
low-tinted. The form coloradcnsis Hy. Edw., may be known
by its deeper green tint on the underside of the secondaries,
and the discal bar of the primaries above is in the form of a
small, black, lunate dash. It is recorded from Montana, Colo-
rado and California. We have not noticed it in this locality.
As shown by good series, it intervaries to ansonides and can
hardly be considered worthy of varietal rank. It would be in-
teresting to compare our varieties of ansonides with those of
ansonia. Although ansonides has a wide distribution, ranging
west of the Rocky Mountains from Arizona to Alaska, it ap-
pears to be rather local, but is quite common when found. In
the Santa Clara Valley, it is a common and early butterfly,
flying about the flowers of Brassica, Radix and other cruci-
ferous plants. It usually appears about the end of February,

206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

sometimes earlier and is on the wing until June and the earlier
part of July. This varies, of course, according to the locality.
In Colorado it appears in May and June, and in Montana we
have taken newly emerged specimens as late as July. In the
high Sierras it flies until the end of July.

The flight of ansonidcs is much similar to that of congeneric
species. It flies but a few feet above the ground, in a some-
what zigzag, aimless course, alighting only on flowers. It was
probably for this reason that the name Anthocharis* was given
to the genus by Boisduval. When alarmed, however, its
erratic flight makes capture difficult. Little has ever been writ-
ten of the preparatory stages of ausonides. Mead found the
eggs and larvae in Colorado and Edwardsf has figured the
egg, larva and pupa and described the mature larva and pupa.
Beutenmuller has briefly compiled a description of the larva
and chrysalis and Hy. Edwards, in the Proc. Cal, Acad.
Science, v. 5, p. 326, describes the larva from Mead in litt.

In a letter to W. H. Edwards, Mead writes: "At Turkey
Creek Junction there were many eggs and some larvae to be
found, the latter feeding on the flowers and seed vessels of a
cruciferous plant. The eggs were long, ribbed longitudinally,
and in color light yellow. The larvae are solitary, and are
seen stretched at length on the stem or seed-pods of the plant."
The transitional stages of the larva have never been described.
At first, we had some difficulty in finding the eggs but a little
experience made it easy. The egg-laying habits are much simi-
lar to those of allied species and agree well with olympia, the
life-history of which was recently described by ShullJ. Our
first record of oviposition is March 14, but this is perhaps
a little earlier than usually occurs. The eggs are mostly
placed on the sepals of the young inner buds of the plant and
also quite commonly on various parts of the pedicel, especially
on the rachis. In a few cases we have observed the female
ovipositing on the leaves. The illustration shows the normal
position. We have never seen a female lay more than one

* Av0os (anthos), a flower, and Xaijpeiv (chairein), to delight in.
fButt. N. Am. Vol. II, pi. 2.
JEnt. News, Vol. XVIII, 1907.

May, '08]

ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS.

207

egg in a flower cluster, although occasionally she will deposit
several on the same plant. However, as many as six or seven
have been found in a single cluster, but these must have been
laid by different females or by the same female at different
times. We concur with Prof. Shull in saying that the egg-shell

is not eaten. He says, "my observations on this point are at
variance with the statement commonly made that butterfly
larvae devour the shell from which they emerge before be-
ginning to feed upon the food plant."

There are a large number of species, the young larvae of
which do not eat the egg shell. In the case of Pyrgus tessellata,
eggs of which we have found abundantly on Malva borealis,
a small circular hole was the only evidence that the larva had
escaped, the empty shell remaining firm and intact.

The young larvae of ansonides escape by eating away a por-
tion of one side of the egg shell. Their first vegetable food
consists of the young and tender sepals and petals or very
rarely the leaves of their food plant. As they mature and after
the flowers have disappeared they feed on the seed pods. In
captivity, the mature larvae are inclined to be larvaphagous and
will readily devour each other when opportunity offers. There
is a striking resemblance between the larva of ansonides and
that of several species of Pontia, particularly protodice, "more
alike," writes Edwards, "in color, form, and markings than
often happens between species of the same genus." There is
no pupal resemblance whatsoever. As a rule, the duration of
the instars we have found to be fairly regular but may vary
considerably according to the condition of the weather.

2O8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

The following is a record of ten cases which we observed.

TIME IN DAYS

ISt

Instar

2nd

3rd

4th

To
Girdle

To
Pupa

I

8

4

3

4

6

2

2

6

3

3

3

6

2

3

7

3

3

5

6

1$

4

5

3

3

4

4

I*

5

5

3

3

4

7

I*

6

6

4

3

7

9

5

12

8

5

3

3

3

8

I*

9

6

2

5

2

10

6

4

9

Av.

6fV

3!

4 T V

3*

6*

If

We wish here to thank Prof. Chas. A. Shull for his kindness
in copying for us the anthocharid text from Edward's work and
Miss Julia Wright for her excellent illustrations.

Egg. Fusiform, laterally marked with about sixteen raised vertical
ridges, between which are finer cross veins ; nearly i mm. in length.
Color when first laid light bluish-green changing in 24 to 30 hours to
light orange. By the third day the color is almost vermilion and about
the sixth the egg turns dirty yellow-brown, especially so apically. The

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 209

duration of the egg stage is about seven days, varying according to
the season.

First Instar. Length, a little over I mm. Color, orange-yellow, be-
coming lighter in a day or two ; head almost black ; body sparsely
covered with dark colored hairs.

Second Instar. Length about 4 mm. Color, light greenish, soon
turning dark; head black.

Third Instar. Length, 5.5 mm. The markings can now be plainly
seen; the dorsal stripe is bluish or grayish green; on each side of this
is a subdorsal yellowish green stripe, then a lateral grayish green stripe,
and finally an infralateral yellowish line; ventral surface greenish; head
greenish almost black; numerous black tubercles scattered over the
body.

Fourth Instar. Length, 17 mm. ; maculations more sharply defined
than before ; head rather light greenish-gray sprinkled over with black
tubercles from which protrude short bristles.

Fifth Instar. Length in motion 33 mm. ; at rest 28 mm. Cylindrical,
slender; head rounded, small. Colors much brighter; ground color
dark green; upper half of infralateral line white, lower half yellow; head
green speckled with black ; thoracic legs black, abdominal ones green-
ish-yellow.

The larva, when full grown, loses its bright colors and soon
spins the silken buttons and girdle from which it is to hang,
The former colors are replaced anteriorly and on the line of
the spiracles by a purplish tinge. After the girdle is completed,
the larva remains quiet for from 36 to 40 hours, when pupa-
tion takes place. It will not be necessary to give at length
this operation, as it has already been described in the case of
a closely allied species (olympia) and is also much similar to
that of Pontia rapac and others of that genus.

Chrysalis. Average length 26 mm. Cylindrical, slender, thickest in
middle and tapering therefrom evenly, the ends being nearly equal size.
At first the chrysalis has the same general purplish tinge of the larva
and the dorsal side shows the same markings. The wing-cases and pro-
jection of head are almost transparent. These, especially the latter,
soon turn dark. Final color, anterior portion dark brown, continuing
on the ventral side to the tips of the antennae, which are light, and
on the dorsal side only to a point opposite the eyes ; wing veins marked
in brown ; dorsal side of thorax and abdomen light yellow or cream
color ; ventral side light brown. There arc five well-defined lines on the
pupa; a dorsal one, dark brown, running the full length of the body

210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

except for the last two posterior segments ; two laterals, also dark
brown, running the full length of the abdomen and shaded into the
other markings of the thorax ; two lying about midway between the
lateral and ventral lines, light brown and continuing only to the wing-
cases. The ventral line is very slightly marked.

Considerable variation is shown in the color of the markings and
also in the degree of re-curvature of the palpi-cases.

Contarinia gossypii n. sp.

BY E. P. FELT, Albany, N. Y.

This species is injurious to cotton in the British West Indies,
and was received from Mr. Henry A. Ballou, Entomologist to
the Imperial Department of Agriculture, Barbadoes, through
Dr. L. O. Howard, at whose request it is described :

Male. Length i mm. Antennae about twice the length of the body,
thickly haired, light brown, 14 segments ; the first broadly obconic,
the second flattened basally, subhemispheric ; the others binodose, the
third and fourth slightly fused, the fifth having the basal portion of
the stem with a length three times its diameter, the distal part with
a length four times its diameter ; the enlargements with the membrane
thickly dotted with chitinous points ; the basal one subglobose, flattened
basally, with a sub-basal whorl of long, stout setae and a subapical
circmnfilum; the loops of the latter long and extending to the middle
of the distal enlargement, which latter is slightly produced, broadly
oval, with a thick whorl of long, stout, curved setae near the middle
and a subapical circumfilum, the loops of the latter distinct and ex-
tending to the middle of the basal enlargement of the following seg-
ment ; terminal segment with the basal enlargement subglobose, the
basal portion of the stem somewhat produced, slender; the distal en-
largement slightly produced and bearing apically a long slender fin-
ger-like process. Palpi quadriarticulate ; the first segment appar-
ently short, stout, irregularly subquadrate; the second a little
longer, broadly ovate; the third fully half longer than the second,
more slender ; the fourth as long as the third, more slender, all rather
thickly clothed with coarse setae. Face fuscous, yellowish, eyes large,
black; mesonotum dark brown, the submedian lines yellowish; scu-
tellum fuscous yellowish ; postscutellum yellowish ; abdomen green-
ish yellowish, the segments posteriorly rather thickly mar-
gined with coarse setae ; wings hyaline, costa pale straw ; subcosta
uniting with the anterior margin near the basal third, the third vein

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 211

just beyond the apex, the fifth joining the posterior margin at the

distal fourth, its branch near the basal third ; membrane sparsely clothed
with fine hairs. Halteres presumably yellowish transparent, coxae yel-
lowish, femora and tibiae pale yellowish straw, tarsi slightly darker.
Claws long, slender, evenly curved, simple, the pulvilli a little shorter
than the claws. Genitalia ; basal clasp segment rather long, broad,
tapering to a narrowly rounded apex; terminal clasp segment long
and tapering slightly to an obtusely rounded apex. Dorsal plate and
other minor organs indistinct in the preparation.

Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae about as long as the body,
sparsely haired, pale yellowish, 14 segments ; the first broadly obconic,
the second somewhat produced, broadly fusiform, the others cylindric,
the third and fourth slightly fused; the fifth with a stem about 1-5
the length of the subcylindric basal enlargement, which latter has a
length nearly 2% times its diameter, the membrane thickly dotted
with chitinous points, with a thick sub-basal whorl of long, stout,
curved setae, and a scattering subapical band of shorter curved setae ;
low circumfili occur near the basal third and apically ; terminal segment
strongly produced, the distal enlargement with a length about four
times its diameter and distally tapering to a narrowly rounded apex.
Palpi quadriarticulate ; the first segment irregularly fusiform ; the
second narrowly oval and half longer than the first; the third half
longer than the second, more slender; all rather thickly clothed with
coarse setae. Colorational characters about as in the opposite sex,
except that the abdomen appears to be a fuscous greenish yellow and
the posterior margins of the segments, especially the apical ones, are
more thickly clothed with coarse setae; tarsal characters as in the
opposite sex. Ovipositor yellowish, probably nearly as long as the body
when extended, the terminal lobes very long, slender, having a length
fully five times the width and tapering to a subacute apex bearing a
few short, stout setae subapically.

Described from a number of specimens recently mounted
in balsam.

Types, C. 1331, deposited in the U. S. National Museum and
New York State Museum.

PHENACOCCUS GOSSYPII. Some time ago Prof. C. F. Baker sent me
this species on Jacobinia coccinca, from Santiago dc las Vegas, Cuba.
Both locality and food-plant are new. T. D. A. COCKF.RELL.

MR. HERMANN ROLLE, of Berlin, Germany, has published a number of
lists and price catalogues of Lcpidoptera and Coleoptera. These will be
found useful to both the collector and the systematic worker.

212 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

The Blackberry Leaf-Miner*

(Scolioneura capitalis Norton.)

BY C. O. HOUGHTON, Newark, Del. Entomologist, Delaware

Experiment Station.

About the middle of June, 1905, my attention was called to
an injury, said to be quite serious, to dewberries on a farm
near Dover, Delaware. My first visit to the place was on
June i6th, at which time I found a field of about four acres
considerably injured by a leaf-miner. Upon some of the plants
dozens of leaves showed large, brownish blotches, and not a
few of them contained two or three mines; the majority of the
leaves, however, had but one. The patch was upon compara-
tively new ground, but was at some distance from woods.
Other berry fields at some distance from this one (three or
four miles) were said to be attacked in the same manner,
but I did not see any of these. The owner of the field in ques-
tion stated that this was the first occurrence of the pest in his
fields.

Several of the leaves containing mines were collected and
brought home for study. An examination of the larvae show-
ed that they were apparently saw-fly larvae, but at that time I
was unable to place them satisfactorily. An attempt was made
to rear them by placing the leaves in jars containing earth,
but apparently all of the larvae died without entering the earth ;
at least several which emerged from their mines were later
found dead on top of the earth in the jars.

On June 28th, 1905, I again visited the infested field, but
found only a very few leaves upon the plants which contained
larvae. Evidently they had practically all pupated at that date.
An attempt was made to locate some of the pupae in the ground
near the bases of some of the infested plants, but without re-
sult.

On July nth I left Newark for a month's vacation, and
upon my return early in August learned that a second brood
of the leaf-miner had appeared and that this brood had oc-
casioned more injury than the first. A letter from the owner
of the field, dated July 3ist, stated that the miners were very
abundant at that time, and occasioning considerable injury.

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 213

In 1906 my first visit to the field in question was made on
May 3Oth, and at that time I found a few leaves with small
mines in them. Some of the larvae taken from these mines
measured 2 mm. in length. Considerable time was spent in
the field, and I observed a number of small blackish-colored
saw-flies flying about the plants and alighting upon the leaves.
Some were evidently ovipositing, and the operation was ob-
served. The insect would alight upon the upper surface of the
leaf and select a spot for the deposition of the egg, apparent-
ly at random. Sometimes the place would be in the shade,
sometimes in the sunshine, but so far as I could determine it
was always upon the upper surface of the leaf. The tip of
the abdomen would then be brought in contact with the leaf,
and in a very short time, usually 30 to 50 seconds, the opera-
tion would be finished and the insect would fly away.

Some of the spots where eggs had apparently been de-
posited were marked, in the hope that later, with the aid of
a microscope, I would be able to locate the eggs; but in this I
failed. Several of the saw-flys were collected at this time, and
one that was submitted to Dr. A. D. MacGillivray, was pro-
nounced by him to be Scolioneura capitalis Norton.

This species was described by Norton in 1867,* as Sclandria
(Blennocampa) capitalis, from a single female taken at Brook-
lyn, N. Y. In 1895 Marlett re-described the species,t using
Norton's type, and referred it to the genus Scolioneura. At
the same time he described a new species of Scolioneura, can-
adcnsis, which, according to Dr. MacGillivray, is probably a
form of capitalis. In 1884 Forbes bred from larvae found
on mining leaves of cultivated blackberries at Normal, 111., two
specimens of the small saw-fly which were, according to Dr.
MacGillivray, undoubtedly males of S. capitalis, but which
Forbes described^: as Metallus rnbi (gen, et sp. nov.).** His
description of the larva follows :

* Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. I, p. 247.
f Proc. Ent. Soc. of Washington, Vol. Ill, p. 234.
J Fourteenth Report of the State Entomologist of 111., p. 87.
**In 1887 Cresson referred this to the genus Fenusa, considering it
possibly a variety of F. curia Norton.

214 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

"Larva. The larva is 8.5 mm. in length by 1.25 mm. in breadth,
cylindrical, skin minutely roughened. The second and third thoracic
segments and the first abdominal are much thickened vertically, giving
a convex dorsal outline to this region. From the second thoracic seg-
ment the outline slopes rapidly downward to the front, the head
being wedge shaped, viewed laterally, and only about half the depth
of the second segment. The head is flat beneath, slightly rounded above,
about two-thirds as wide as the thorax; antennae and mouth parts
very short ; eyes wanting. The color is brown both above and beneath.
First thoracic segment trapezoidal, viewed laterally; a large brown
chitinous prosternal area extending forward to the mouth parts and
laterally to the legs ; a brown patch upon the dorsum of this segment.
Small brown chitinous sternal areas to the two succeeding thoracic
segments, and a still smaller one on the first abdominal.

"Legs very short, not longer than their respective segments ; prolegs
fourteen in number (counting the two anals), having the form of low,
flattened tubercles, each with a brown chitinous patch upon the outer
part. The pair of anal prolegs are nearly encircled by two dark brown
chitinous arcs.

"Segments of the body deeply separated; sides with two lateral rows
of obscure tubercles ; spiracles brown, minute, except the first on the
middle of the first thoracic segment, which is larger and is surrounded
by a small brown chitinous patch."

"Described from a single specimen taken from the blackberry
leaf."

My own material in this stage is all alcoholic, and hardly
suitable for a close comparison with the above, or for descrip-
tive purposes. Some of the larvae are considerably larger than
Forbes' specimen, however, several of them measuring 10 mm.
in length and 2 mm. in breadth.

The following description of the adult has kindly been fur-
nished by Dr. MacGillivray :

Scolioncura capitalis Nort. $ . Blackish rufous with the follow-
ing parts rufous, the anterior and lateral lobes of the mesonotum,
the scutellum and the post-scutellum ; with the following parts white,
the two basal segments of the antennae, sometimes, the apices of the
coxae, the trochanters, the anterior and middle tibiae and tarsi, and
the posterior tarsi ; the posterior tibiae varying from a clear white
to strongly infuscated ; antennae enlarged at middle with the second
segment annular, wider than long, the third segment one-third longer
than the fourth, shorter than the third and fourth together ; the cly-
peus truncate; the clypeal furrow shallow, interrupted at middle by

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 215

a distinct, convex hypoclypeal area; the ventral part of the antennal
furrows extending from the tentorial invaginations, which are shallow,
to a line drawn through the dorsal end of the antennal fovea, and
slightly closed just above the base of the antennae by a low, transverse
ridge ; the dorsal part of the antennal furrow deep at each side of the
postocular area, and fading out opposite the anterior ocellus ; the post-
ocular area bounded in front by a furrow uniting the antennal fur-
rows of a side, from the cephalic margin of which there extends a
wide depression, wider than the ocellus, to the anterior ocellus ; the
head not with a pentagonal area; the posterior metatarsus as long as
all the following segments together ; the saw guides straight on the
dorsal margin, slightly convex on the ventral margin, and obliquely
truncate at apex ; the radial cross-vein ending in the cell R4 distinctly
before its apex ; wings jnfuscated, veins and stigma brown. Length
4 mm.

Hab. Missouri (Riley), Illinois (Forbes), Rhode Island
(Morse), and New York (Norton).

In notes appended, Dr. MacGillivray says :

"I have before me for study four specimens from
the United States National Museum, all from the Riley collec-
tion, one bred from a leaf mine on blackberry, two types from
Professor Forbes and a single specimen from Rhode Island.
This species varies greatly in the amount and intensity of the
rufous color on the mesonotum. The type of capitalis is ap-
parently an immature individual in which the mesonotal mark-
ings are entirely wanting; in other individuals the mesonotum
may be entirely blackish rufous, or with only slightly marked
spots, or with the body shining black and with distinct rufous
mesonotal area. Forbes' Metallus rnbi, based on males, is
black; the male of capitalis differs from the female only in
having the mesonotum black, and is undoubtedly the same as
Forbes' rubi, while Marlatt's canadensis appears to be simply a
form of capitalis with a distinct black and rufous color."

In the Fourth Report* of the Delaware Experiment Sta-
tion (1891) I find a note relative to a leaf-miner in blackber-
ries, which J give herewith :

"Specimens of blackberry leaves infested by a leaf-miner
were received June 25, from Mr. P. Emerson, Wyoming, Del.,

* Report of the Entomologist, M. H. Bcckw'th.

2l6 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

and also from Mr. L. E. Anthony, Smyrna, Del. The insects
did not make mines of any particular shape, but destroyed the
whole inner portion of the leaves, the upper and lower epider-
mis of the leaf only remaining.

The leaves were sent to me in a letter and all the insects
had escaped. I endeavored to secure leaves that contained the
insects, but was unable to do so. Mr. Emerson informs me that
several blackberry plantations in that vicinity were quite badly
infested and fears were entertained that serious damage would
result if the insects continued to increase. I shall make care-
ful observations during the coming season in the infested plan-
tations."

This probably refers to this species, and is doubtless the first
published reference to an injury by 6\ capitalis which could
be considered as being of economic importance.

Owing to my failure in 1906 to secure the data that I desired
relative to the life history of this leaf-miner, I made plans to
carefully study the species in 1907; but owing to the unusually
cold and wet spring weather that we had, or other unknown
causes, the miner appeared in only very small numbers the
past season. At the time of my first visit, June 4, I failed to
find any of the adults or any signs of mines. On the 27th of
June I again visited the place and spent considerable time in
the field, but found only six or eight leaves that contained
mines. One or two of the larvae in these appeared to be nearly
full grown at this date. Some of the infested leaves were
brought home and placed in a glass cylinder with cotton batting
at top and bottom, and this was set away in my laboratory.
On July 9th I found therein a specimen of a species of Rhy-
sipolis* which had apparently just emerged. This is therefore,
presumably a parasite upon the larvae of S. capitalis.

Notes on Pachybrachys.
BY FRED. C. BOWDITCH.

These preliminary notes are in the hope that collectors will
give this neglected group some attention during the coming
season, by collecting series of specimens with special reference
to the locality and food plant and so facilitate further and
more complete study of this genus.

* Determined by Mr. J. C. Crawford, thr- igh courtesy of Dr. L.
O. Howard.

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 2 17

Through the kindness of Prof. Dr. O. Taschenberg of Halle,
Germany, I have received the loan of the types of some of
Suffrian's species, so that certain of his obscure forms can be
accurately determined, but larger series are needed to define
their limits.

The species which figures in our collections as the light var-
iety of P. striatus Lee. = pallidipennis Suff. ; probably Le
Conte's name will remain for the so called black yar. as a dis-
tinct species. The name of bivittatus Say should be attached
to the species now commonly labelled viduatus Fab. The real
viduatus occurs sparingly in the southern states, is much larger
and stouter and has a very well marked M on the thorax. Mr.
Loding has sent me several from Alabama and I have it from
North Carolina and Georgia. Suffrian's description of vidu-
atus fits this species very well and does not fit bivittatus at all.

Characteristicus Suff. is wholly grayish-white. I have typi-
cal specimens from Lake Worth, Fla., and New Jersey. It is
rather flattened in shape; the type $ has only one unbroken (by
punctures) elytral interspace running along the side from near
the humerus. My specimens exactly agree with it in that par-
ticular. . Query, as to the food plant? It is very close to
atomarius Mels. which lives on oak.

Impurus Suff. is entirely rust colored with three darker spots
on the base of the thorax, and three more along the side and
two on the disk of each elytron. My specimens of this are
neither of them exactly typical.

Peccans Suff. type is black and yellow, the former color
predominating and with a round yellow spot in middle of each
elytron. .My specimens are not exactly typical. They come
from Massachusetts and the Middle States.

Spumarius Suff. type $ is still yellower than peccans and
has also a round spot on the elytra. I have one male ex-
ample from Tennessee which is the counterpart of the type.
Nothing is known of the habits or food plant of any of these
four Suffrian species.

I note the occurrence of several Mexican forms from the
Southwest, among them laticollis Jac. from Brownsville.

2l8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

Migrating Butterflies.
BY P. A. SAVERNER, Highland Park, Mich.

Point Pelee is a long, tapering point of land, extending from
the north shore of lake Erie, about nine miles, near the west-
ern extremity of the lake. Out from the Point lie various
islands situated like stepping stones across the lake to the Ohio
shore. Along this point and its outlying islands, lies a great
natural migration route, followed by birds on their vernal
and autumnal migrations. During the last three falls I have
done considerable ornithological work on the Point, and 1
have been much interested in observing that not only do birds
habitually use this natural highway in crossing the lake, but
that there is a regular and well defined stream of Lepidoptera
flowing across in the fall. In the fall of 1905 during our stay
from September 4th to I5th, we were greatly astonished at
the numbers of Anosia plexippus present. They were to be
seen everywhere, in ones, twos or dozens. In the woods, over
the fields or along the roadside, and every here and there on
the edges of the woods a tree would be found covered with
them. One day, along the east beach, one of the few of the
small cottonwoods that grow along the top of the sand dune
was so covered with them that the whole lee side was a mass
of red, their numbers almost hiding the green foliage com-
pletely. When we shook the tree they rose in the air in such
a cloud that they could scarcely be seen through. We never
saw them flying in flocks except when disturbed in some such
manner as described above, when they would either fly to an-
other adjoining tree in a straggling disorganized fashion or
gradually scatter, and proceed, each insect for itself. Individ-
uals seldom passed a resting flock but generally joined it and so
it seemed that the flocks were built up by the gradual accession
of stragglers.

The next year from September I5th to 22d, we saw the same
thing but on not quite so great a scale, due likely to the late-
ness of the date.

This last fall from August 24th to September 6th they were
nearly as numerous as during the first season, though we- saw

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 2ig

no such great masses of them as those on the cottonwood
above mentioned. With them we observed two other species
numerous that on previous occasions we had not noticed. Not
being an entomologist, however, I should hesitate to state that
they were not then present. These two were Papilio cres-
phontcs and a black swallow-tail not quite so large that I am
fairly well satisfied was P. troilus. I collected specimens but
inadvertently lost them so have to rely upon an uneducated
memory and the probabilities. Of these two the former was
slightly the more common but both were abundant. I under-
stand that these latter forms are not supposed to migrate but
here they were certainly, without exception, flying down the
Point and crossing over the lake along the same course fol-
lowed by the Monarchs. There was no indications of flock-
ing in these two species nor did they seem to associate w r ith
each other or with plcxippns but at all times of the day there
was a steady stream of them, making in the same direction,
steadily and without loitering.

The Point ends in a long sand pit which we visited almost
daily, and on all such occasions, except during rather heavy
winds, all three species came sailing out the Point to the ex-
treme end and then launching directly out into the lake along
the same route that most of the diurnal birds followed, not
toward Pelee Island, the first of the island stepping stones
that lies plainly visible some ten miles distant ; but taking
a more westward line that would carry them straight across
the open lake. They came at the rate of about three a minute
on fine days and crcspJwntcs was the most numerous of them
and there were fewer ple.rippns than troilus. It was most in-
teresting to watch them come, and observe the regularity and
Apparent deliberateness of their movements. On calm days
they came right down the center of the Point and followed
every winding of the final sand spit to its extreme termination
from whence they turned and squared away on the course
as described before. At times when there was a little wind
their proceedings were a little different. As soon as they reach-
ed the end of the heavier timber they kept well down in the

220 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

shelter of the dense red cedar and juniper growth as far as
that went, and then crossed to the lee shore, and dropping
down to near the water's edge, proceeded along in the cover
of the sand dune until the first breath of the wind was en-
countered when they gradually rose in the air and started over
the lake on the usual course. The exactitude with which
they followed each other was remarkable. One could stand
between two red cedars where they crossed to the shore and
ninety per cent, of all butterflies would pass within striking
distance of a net. Sometimes a lull would come in their pro-
cession and the last would be out of sight in the distance
before the next appeared but when it came it would appear
beating over the same clump of juniper and within a few
yards of the exact spot in which the previous ones first
hove into sight.

Whether these were all migrating in the true sense of the
word or not I leave to the entomologists to decide. I can just
record the facts as I saw them in the hopes that they may be
of some interest to others of more experience in the ways of
the Lepidoptera. One more fact may be worthy of mention.
All specimens of plexippus seen were in good shape, with un-
worn wings while most of cresphontes and troilus were more
or less worn, especially the latter, few of which had not lost
part or all of their tails and were otherwise damaged though
not enough to seriously impair their flight.

Some Larrid Wasps from Colorado.

BY S. A. ROHWER, Boulder, Colo.

I wish to express my thanks to Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell,
for going over my manuscript.

The types of the species here described are in my own col-
lection.

Tachysphex nigrescens n. sp.

9. Length 6 mm. Anterior margin of clypeus rounded out, with-
out distinct lateral teeth, shining, sparsely covered with punctures;
front dullish, densely and rather coarsely punctured; vertex shining,
the punctures not as dense as those on the front; space between the

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 221

eyes at the top about half as great as the distance at the bottom; sec-
ond antennal joint roundish, about one third the length of third, joints
three and four equal ; dorsulum shining, rather densely and finely
punctured, truncate anteriorly; scutellum not as densely punctured as
the dorsulum, metathorax dullish ; metanotum distinctly punctured, a
distinct longitudinal carina from middle of base extending to about
the middle; lateral and posterior faces distinctly striated; posterior
face with a shallow, circular fovea ; abdomen shining, densely cov-
ered with extremely fine punctures ; pygidium, narrow, obtusely pointed
at apex, somewhat excavated above. Color black; palpi pale brownish;
apical part of tegulae, a narrow band on apex, and extending along
side of each abdominal segment, apical joints of tarsi (more especi-
ally the posterior ones) reddish brown; face, pleura? and inner side of
tibiae with sparse sericeous pubescence. Wings dusky hyaline, nervures
dark brown.

Habitat. Florissant, Colo., June 28, 1907 (S. A. Rohwer).

Known from T. intermedius Vier. (Douglas Co., Ka.), its
nearest ally by its smaller size ; front without groove between
ocellus and insertion of antenna ; abdomen not, or but very
slightly, covered with silvery pubescence.

In Fox's table in N. Am. Larridse it runs to 17 where it
runs out, falling between punctifrons and aethiops. It may
be known from both of these by its smaller size, and from
punctifrons by the absence of the dense sericeous pile, and
from aethiops by the much clearer wings.

Tachysphex hitei n. sp.

$. Length about &/ 2 mm. Clypeus truncate with a very minute
obtuse lateral tooth, densely punctured except on the extreme apical
margin which is shining; front densely, rather coarsely punctured;
vertex with finer punctures ; a somewhat indistinct line-like depres-
sion from lower ocellus to between antennae, and a broader and more
distinct one from ocellus to occiput; the depression behind lateral ocelli
distinct ; distance between eyes at the top about equal to the length
of antennal joints two plus three; second antennal joint about one-
third as long as third, dorsulum somewhat truncate at anterior mar-
gin, densely and finely punctured in general, but a spot on each anter-
ior part more coarsely punctured ; scutellum and postscutellum punc-
tured like the greater part of dorsulum; metathorax densely punctured
with medium size punctures, Ojii posterior face there is a distinct elon-
gate fovea ; abdomen distinctly, though finely punctured above and
beneath, ventral segments witli a few long reddish hairs; pygidium
distinctly margined, about twice as long as the width at base, apex

222 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, 'oS

sharp, very finely punctured, with a few widely scattered large punc-
tures. Color black; apical tarsal joints rufous; abdomen clear red,
with triangular shaped patches of silvery pubescence on apical lateral
margin on the first, second and third segments (this pubescence can
only be seen in certain lights) ; face, pectus and lower part of pleurae
with silvery pubescence. Wings dusky hyaline, nervures black.

Habitat. Jim Creek, Boulder Co., Colo., September 7, 1907
(Glenn M. Hite).

The pygidium is similar to that of triquetrus Fox (Nev.)
but it is not that species.

Disregarding the pygidium it runs in Fox's N. Am. Lar-
ridse, to tarsatus Say, but differs from that species as follows :
punctures on the dorsulum not uniform throughout; poster-
ior face of metathorax not striated but punctured; abdomen
above with fine punctures ; smaller size, etc.

It also seems related to T. punctulatus H. S. Sm. (ENT.
NEWS, Sept. '06, p. 246) from Nebraska, but may be separated
from that species by these characters; clypeus densely and
rather coarsely punctured; different puncturing of the front;
scape and mandibles without rufous; differently punctured
dorsulum ; abdomen clear red, with silvery pubescence at sides
of first three abdominal segments, etc.

Tachysphex foxii n. sp.

$ . Length 8 mm. Clypeus rounded anteriorly, the apical margin
slightly uneven, lateral teeth if present very small, rather densely
punctured throughout ; front with large well separated punctures, punc-
tures on vertex not quite as dense; a distinct furrow from lower ocellus
to near occiput ; depression back of lateral ocelli rather distinct ; space
between eyes at the top a little more than the length of antennal joints
three plus four ; dorsulum, scutellum and postscutellum shining, with
distinct well separated punctures ; mesopleurse and pectus similarly
punctured ; metathorax above reticulate to coarsely granular ; meta-
pleurae densely coarsely punctured; posterior face somewhat indis-
tinctly striated, with a distinct elongate fovea, which is wider at the
top ; abdomen with fine dense punctures above, except the apical mar-
gin of the second and following segments which are shining and with-
out punctures, venter shining, without or with very few puncture^;
pygidium margined, about twice as long* as the width at base, with a
few widely scattered punctures. Color black ; band on middle of man-
dibles and two apical segments of abdomen rufous (abdominal seg-
ments brighter rufous) ; sides of abdominal segments, face, lower half

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 223

of front, pectus, pleurae somewhat, dorsulum, metanotum and posterior
face of metathorax sericeous ; wings hyaline, at extreme apical margin
dusky; nervures dark brown.

Habitat. Boulder, Colo., Aug. 30, 1907 (S. A. Rohwer).

Dedicated to Mr. W. J. Fox who has done so much to make
North American Larridae known.

In Fox's table (N. Am. Larridse) this species runs to T.
acntus Patt. (Conn., Ga., Fla.), but differs in the following
points : occiput not emarginate when viewed from behind ;
front with distinct punctures ; metapleurse punctured ; pygid-
ium not more than twice as long as broad at base ; apex of
abdomen red, etc. It has much the general appearance of
T. tcnninatns Sm. but differs greatly in sculpture. It is. not
T. claronis Vier. (Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., 1906) which is an ally
of T. terminatus Sm.

Tachyspex foxii var. alpestris n. var.

$ . Differs from T. foxii in having the front more densely and finely
punctured; the dorsulum more closely punctured; the two apical joints
of the tarsi rufous; the metanotum with a little more gray hair; and
is a trifle smaller.

Habitat. Florissant, Colo., July I, 1906 (S. A. Rohwer).

This variety comes nearer T. terminatus Sm. but is still
quite distinct. It runs in Fox's table (N. Am. Larridae) to
T. acntus Patt.

Tachysphex parvulus Cress.

A $ collected at Florissant, Colo., June 15, 1907 (S. A.
Rohwer), differs from the description of this species given
by Mr. Fox (N. Am. Larridse) as follows: First joint of
tarsi reddish; the three apical segments and apical half of
third black; base of first abdominal segment black; pubescence
of face a trifle yellowish ; tegulse ferruginous ; venation pale
brown ; length 5 mm.

Tachysphex aethiops Cress.

9 Copeland Park, Boulder Co., Colo., September 6, 1907;
N. Boulder Creek, Boulder Co., Colo., August 22, 1907. Can-
adian Zone. Both specimens taken by S. A. Rohwer.

224 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

Notogonia arge data Boe.

Boulder, Col., April 14, 1907, and August 30, 1907 (S. A.
Rohwer).

Nitieliopsis plenoculoides Fox.

Florissant, Colo., June 22, 1907 (T. D. A. Cockerell).

Tachytes crassus Patt.

A $ from Boulder, Colo., August 26, 1906 (S. A. Roh-
wer), has four silvery bands on the abdomen, which would
tend to run it into T. cohimbac Fox but the pubescence on
the face is golden and the longest spur of the hind tibiae is
as that of T. crassus. Again T. crassus is known to occur in
the west while T. columbae has not been recorded from the
west. I have seen a typical specimen of crassus from Ros-
well, N. M. (Ckll.). This locality is new.

Notes on some Angolan Insects of Economic or
Pathologic Importance.

BY F. CREIGHTON WELLMAN, Benguella, West Africa.

(Concluded from page 33. 1
17-

No. 102. Zonabris trifurca Gerst. (Coleopt.)

This Meloid beetle is a prominent member of a group deserv-
ing mention because of their flower- feeding habits. Both
flower and vegetable gardens suffer from their presence. As
they occur in large numbers they are not easy to combat. Their
life cycle is interesting in that their larvae are parasitic in the
oothecae of Orthoptera. These beetles are very distasteful to
most insect-eating animals, and are consequently wonderfully
mimicked by widely different groups of insects. I am publish-
ing in another journal* a study of this interesting subject.

18.

No. 17. Sarcopysylla pcnctrans L. (Siphonapt.)

This flea locally known as the "Ewundu" is a common pest
throughout southwest Africa. It was brought to this country

*Deutsch Entomolog. Zeits.

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 225

in 1872 by the Portuguese from South America. Since then
it has traversed the continent and is steadily pursuing its way
around the world, having already been carried by coolies from
East Africa to the Far East. S. penctrans in Angola lives in
the dust, etc., on the floors of native Kraals, camps, etc. It
bites all warm-blooded animals, including man, in the same
manner as do ordinary fleas ; but if a 2 be impregnated, she
takes advantage of her first chance to burrow into the tissues
of some warm-blooded animal (often man) thereby occa-
sionally causing tetanus, sepsis, gangrene, mutilation and (rare-
ly) death of her host. Once ensconced, she matures her eggs,
her abdomen, which admits of enormous distension, swelling
during the process to the size of a sweet pea. There have ap-
peared various accounts of the succeeding steps in the meta-
morphosis, many of them inaccurate. In books on zoology,
pathology and medicine we read, for instance, such statements
as these : The eggs are "not deposited while the parasite is
in the skin, for the ova do not leave the body until the parent
reaches the soil." "The female bores into the skin, and the
escaping larvae give rise to ulcers." "The female lays her
eggs in the skin and causes thereby intense inflammation."
"After the eggs are laid (according to some before this pro-
cess) the super jacent skin ulcerates and the chigger is ex-
pelled," etc., etc. During the examination of large numbers
of natives in Angola, I have made the following observations,
already published in another periodical/ 1 " concerning this dis-
puted stage in the life history :

1. The eggs are always laid while the chigger is yet imbed-
ded in the flesh of her host.t

2. They never hatch into larvae in the body of the parent.

3. They are not laid at one time in masses,f but discretely
and sometimes at considerable intervals.

*American Jour. Med. Sciences, May, 1906.

fWhen artificially removed from the tissues of her host she behaves
abnormally and extrudes all her eggs at once, but this does not form a
real exception to the above statements, and only a few of the most
mature eggs thus expelled will hatch out.

226 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

4. The shell of the parent, when dead and empty of eggs,
usually dries up in situ without causing further trouble.

5. The eggs once having reached the dust of the floor de-
velop precisely like those of many other fleas.

In the light of what has been said it will be seen that so long
as natives go about with infected feet, chiggers will abound.
Domestic animals, too, should be kept at some distance from
white quarters and the floors of bungalows should be occasion-
ally sprinkled with naphthol or kerosene. I have several times
pointed out* that this flea is one of the principal factors in the
production of the tropical disease known as Ainhuin.

19.

No. 1067. Calandra oryscte L. (Coleopt.)
This troublesome weevil is a great nuisance in stores of meal-
ies (maize) and other grain. A moth (not yet heard from)
shares with it this evil reputation. The native blacks in order
to preserve their seed corn, store it in earthen pots the mouths
of which they seal with clay. The local name for the weevil

is "Omelekese."

20.

No. 876. Dorylus nigricans 111. (Hymenopt.)
This is the hated "army ant" of this district. Having been
several times driven from my tent by them I can personally
testify to their mandibular powers. In former days a favorite
method of punishment inflicted by the native chiefs was to
bind hand and foot the victim who was then thrown into a
nest of "army ants"- here called "Ovisonde." Careful house-
wives, however, welcome the approach of the ants and joy-
fully vacate for them the bungalow. For after a column of
"army ants" has minutely explored a dwelling not a bug, beetle,
cockroach, mouse, rat, snake or other pest remains behind.
Much has been written on the habits of these and related ants,
so I will not extract in detail from my notes the observations
there recorded concerning their column formations, tunnelling
under streams, forming living bridges over water, removing
or elevating obstacles from their line of march, etc., etc.

*Jour. Trop. Med., 1906 p. 31 ; Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., 1906 p.
489.

May, '08] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 227

21.

No. 1441 seq. Diacantha spp. (Coleopt.)
There are a number of noxious Phytophaga which might be
mentioned. Those named in the title of this note feed on
Curcurbitaceae and especially destroy melons and cucumbers.
Other allied beetles : Monolepta ludrica Wse., Melinotoma spp.,
etc., also Curculionidae, larvse of Elateridae (Tetralobus
mechowi Qued., et a/.), etc., are also common garden pests.
My noxious Hemiptera and Lepidoptera have not yet been re-
ported on.

22.

No. 1156. Simnlium damnosiim Theob. (Dipt.)
This tiny fly is possibly one of the most successful destroy-
ers of patience and provokers of profanity in the Colony. Na-
tives near wet plains sometimes are compelled to move their
kraals on account of it, and I have had to break camp to es-
cape a swarm. It crawls down one's neck and up one's sleeves
and bites viciously, leaving a tiny red wheal which itches furi-
ously and does not disappear for some time.

23-
No. 179. Apis nigritaniin Lep. (Hymenopt.)

The common Angolan honey bee. The species, described
from the Congo, is by some regarded as only a variety of
A. odansoni Latr., and some authors regard both these forms
as varieties of the common European honey bee. I have it
on the authority of Professor Cockerell, however, that our
Angolan nigritarum is not to be identified with the European
species. The insect is of considerable economic importance,
as the natives eat the honey ; and beeswax is one of the chief
exports of the colony. The hives are made of hollowed out
pieces of log (sometimes of bark) and are hung or lodged in
trees. Particular trees are considered to be good "bee trees"
and are always provided with hives. When full, the bees are
simply smoked out of the hives and allowed to go off to find
another home. No attempt is made to keep them, or to attract
new swarms. It may be said in passing that the Apidae of

228 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [May, '08

Angola are of great interest, my small collection having al-
ready turned up several fine new forms, including a new genus.
The peculiar abdom